Microorganisms in landfill bioreactors for accelerated stabilization of solid wastes

Landfill bioreactors (LBRs) with management of leachate and biogas have presented numerous advantages such as accelerated stabilization of solid wastes, reduced amount of leachate, and in situ leachate treatment. Such advantages have minimized environmental risks, have allowed extension of the useful life of the landfill site, and have fostered cost reduction. LBRs of three types have been developed using both anaerobic and aerobic modes: anaerobic, aerobic, and hybrid. Microorganisms in landfills cause various reactions related with organic fractions and heavy metals. Such functions have been stimulated in LBRs by recirculation of leachate with or without aeration. To date, most studies of microorganisms in LBRs have analyzed bacteria and archaea based on 16S rRNA genes and have analyzed fungi based on 18S rRNA genes from a taxonomical viewpoint. Indicator genes for specific functions in LBRs such as nitrification, denitrification, and methane production have also been monitored. The population dynamics of microorganisms in LBRs have been partially clarified, but the obtained data remain limited because of highly heterogeneous features of solid wastes inside LBRs. Systematic monitoring of microorganisms should be established to improve LBR performance.     

预氧化-MBR-反渗透工艺深度处理印染废水研究

以某工业园区印染废水处理厂二级生化出水为处理对象,采用预氧化+膜生物反应器(MBR)+反渗透(RO)的组合工艺对其进行深度处理,以达到企业回用水要求。实验结果表明,在进水COD为105~120 mg/L,色度为50倍的条件下,当氧化剂用量为3 mg/L,MBR水力停留时间为3~3.5 h时,组合工艺的出水COD≤5 mg/L,色度≤5倍,电导率≤20μS/cm,出水水质满足企业回用水要求,RO浓水COD≤120 mg/L,色度≤50倍,达到排放标准。     

膜生物反应器废水处理组合工艺的研究进展

膜生物反应器（MBR）是近年来发展起来的一种新型的废水处理工艺,作者阐述了膜生物反应器的应用类型、机理以及应用现状,并对膜生物反应器组合工艺的特点、存在的问题和应用前景进行了分析评价。     

膜生物反应器与粉末活性炭-膜生物反应器除污染特性对比研究

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)和粉末活性炭-膜生物反应器(PAC-MBR)两种工艺处理微污染原水,考察了两阶段进水情况下的除污染效能及初始有机物和氨氮质量浓度对各工艺除污染特性的影响。结果表明,进水有机物含量对MBR和PAC-MBR除污染的效果有较大的影响,当CODMn由(3.67±0.11)mg/L增加至(4.11±0.23)mg/L时,两种工艺对CODMn的去除率分别由(23.1±9.8)%和(37.6±5.5)%增加至(35.4±12.6)%和(43.1±17.0)%。两个阶段各工艺出水的NH3-N质量浓度均小于0.4 mg/L,且系统连续运行过程中出水的NO2--N质量浓度分别低至(7.5±5.8)μg/L和(6.1±3.6)μg/L,显著低于原水中的平均值(76.9±7.6)μg/L。同时发现PAC-MBR工艺中PAC延长了微生物与有机物的接触时间,并为微生物生长提供了载体,可有效提高细菌的总耗氧速率(SOUR),并使生物处理系统中的有机物浓度的临界值降低,从而有效提高整个生物处理系统中有机物和氨氮的去除率。     

高负荷条件下膜反应器污水处理实验研究

总结分析了在各种负荷条件下悬浮载体生物膜型反应器的试验结果.研究表明：悬浮生物膜反应器MBR应用于污水处理是完全可行的,它具有有机负荷高、处理效果优、耐冲击负荷能力强、占地面积少等优点;在悬浮填料投加率为30%时,对于CODcr≤2500mg/L的废水处理效果可达到废水回用标准.     

合成生物学在农残检测领域的应用

近年来,合成生物学在多个领域崭露头角,在农残检测中也发挥着越来越重要的作用。基于合成生物学模块化和工程化指导思想,各种基因部件的多样化组合为农残检测提供更多方案。简便、耐用、低成本、原位检测等特点也使其较传统检测手段具有更强的竞争力。但与此同时,合成生物学在农残检测中的应用也受到复杂检测环境和生物安全性等问题的影响。结合目前合成生物学在有机氯、有机磷、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯类农药检测中的应用与创新实例,归纳合成生物学在农残检测中应用的原理,分析并探讨合成生物学技术未来在农残检测中的发展潜力与应用前景。     

宝钢不锈钢冷轧厂光平整液废水处理系统

介绍了一套完全崭新的工艺用于热镀锌机组排放的光整液及碳钢连退机组排放的平整液废水处理系统。该工艺采用均质调节池—pH中和罐—溶气气浮—冷却塔—EGSB—MBR装置。该工艺流程很好地解决了钢铁行业冷轧厂的光平整液废水处理这一大难题。     

污泥浓度与曝气强度对MBR运行的综合影响

高污泥浓度可以在减少剩余污泥产量的同时提高系统的容积负荷，但经济曝气强度随污泥浓度的增加呈指数递增，从而使能耗大大增加。为解决这一矛盾，进行了一体式A／O法膜生物反应器处理城市污水的试验，结果表明：过高或过低的污泥浓度和曝气强度都会影响膜生物反应器对COD、NH3-N、TN等污染物的去除效果，并且会加剧膜污染。膜生物反应器存在临界污泥浓度和经济曝气强度，在试验条件下分别为4．73g／L和451L／（m^2·h）。     

The cost of a package plant membrane bioreactor

The capital and operating costs associated with a small package plant MBR for small-scale domestic duty has been appraised based on a medium-strength municipal wastewater. The three main membrane configurations were considered, these being multi-tube, hollow fibre and flat sheet, with the most appropriate plant design chosen for each configuration. The analysis proceeded via a consideration of the estimated amortised capital costs of the plant individual components and their installation, coupled with operating costs based largely on energy demand and residuals management. Energy demand was calculated from aeration and pumping costs, with aeration based on a combination of empirical relationships for membrane aeration and mass balance, and the modified Activated Sludge Model version 2 used for estimating tank size and sludge generation. Results indicate that it is possible to produce a single household MBR at a capital cost similar to the current market cost for package treatment plants. Desludging and maintenance of these plants is similar but power requirements for an MBR are around 4 times that associated with more conventional package plants. Economies of scale exist from 6-20 p.e. plants but above 20 p.e. there is little cost difference per head, due to the design assumptions made. CAPEX and OPEX are to some extent interchangeable; reductions in CAPEX are associated with an increase in OPEX and vice versa. Whilst costs are high, the market for package MBRs is significantly influenced by the recycling potential of the effluent produced.     

给水管壁生物膜附着异养菌与水中悬浮菌活性比较

使用生物膜培养反应器（RAB），在实验室的可控条件下，待挂片上的生物膜达到稳定后进行间歇运行，分别对生物膜中异养菌及水中悬浮菌的活性进行了研究。结果发现，在间歇运行模式下，AOC浓度随着运行时间的延长而不断下降，经过了24h后由最初的64μg／L下降到28μg／L（以乙酸碳计）。水中的悬浮菌和生物膜中异养菌的数量均随着运行时间先增加后下降，但前者波动较大。在前12h，悬浮菌和生物膜上附着细菌的活性都有所增加，之后悬浮菌的活性迅速降低，而生物膜上附着细菌的活性仅有小幅度下降，表明其对环境的适应能力要强于水中的悬浮菌。