膜生物反应器中生物絮凝行为研究进展

膜污染问题一直阻碍着膜工艺的商业化推广,而影响膜污染的关键因素是活性污泥的生物絮凝行为.本文探究了生物絮凝的机理,并总结了强化生物絮凝行为的一些方法.最后,对该领域的研究方向进行了展望.     

On the fluid dynamics of shaken bioreactors— flow characterization and transition

Phase‐resolved PIV measurements were carried out to provide a thorough characterization of the flow and mixing dynamics occurring in a cylindrical shaken bioreactor when operating conditions such as medium height h, shaking rotational speed N, orbital shaking diameter d_o, and cylinder inner diameter d_i, are varied. A scaling law based on the aspect ratio h/d_i, on the orbital to cylinder diameter ratio d_o/d_i, and on the Froude number Fr = 2(πN)²d_o/g, is derived to predict the incipience of flow transition occurring when the free surface orientation starts to exhibit a phase delay to the shaker table position along its orbit; depending on the combination of Fr, d_o/d_i and h/d_i the transport phenomena in the bioreactor are controlled by a horizontal toroidal vortex, or by a vertical one precessing around the cylinder axis. The free surface interfacial area was directly measured by image analysis to assess oxygen transfer potential and compared to an analytical solution valid for low Fr. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 334–344, 2013     

Effect of the sulfide concentration on zinc bio-precipitation in a single stage sulfidogenic bioreactor at pH 5.5

Dissolved zinc is present in natural waters and process streams generated by the mining and metallurgical industry. These streams usually have a low pH. By using sulfate reducing bacteria, sulfide can be produced that precipitates with zinc as zinc sulfide (sphalerite), which can be easily separated from the wastewater and even reused as zinc concentrate. In this study, a sulfate reducing gas-lift bioreactor was operated at pH 5.5 using hydrogen as electron donor for sulfate reduction. We demonstrate effective zinc removal (7.2 mmol L⁻¹ d⁻¹) with low zinc effluent concentrations (0.65–8.8 μM) in a system combining sulfide generation by sulfate reducing bacteria (7.2–10.6 mmol SO₄²⁻ L⁻¹ d⁻¹) at low pH (5.5) with the bio-precipitation of crystalline sphalerite. To investigate the effect of the sulfide excess on the settling properties of the sphalerite precipitates, the sulfide excess concentration was varied about two orders of magnitude (0.008–2.2 mM). The results show that crystalline sphalerite was formed in all cases, but larger particles with better settling properties were formed at lower sulfide concentrations.     

膜生物反应器在工业废水处理中的研究及应用

系统综述了近年来国内外利用膜生物反应器处理工业废水的研究成果。研究者对膜生物反应器处理工业废水的操作运行条件、效果及其影响因素等多方面进行了研究,取得了大量的研究成果,但在实际应用中仍存在一定的问题。所以开展膜生物反应器的实用性研究,应是今后的主攻方向之一。     

一体式膜生物反应器膜污染研究

以生活污水为处理对象,对一体式膜生物反应器中不可逆污染形成机理和可逆污染形成机理分别进行了研究;还进行了膜表面改性工作。不可逆污染速度初期快,然后逐渐减缓,第9d不可逆污染达到稳定。过滤初期,膜可逆污染速度较快,之后趋缓,第300min可逆污染达到稳定。膜不可逆污染发展缓慢,而膜可逆污染发展迅速。与原膜相比,膜改性后不可逆污染上升速度和污染程度显著减小。     

一体式平板膜生物反应器处理维生素制药废水中试研究

采用规模为5 m~3·h~(-1)左右的一体式平板膜生物反应器对维生素制药废水进行了中试研究.试验结果表明,用此装置处理维生素制药废水,出水水质稳定良好.工艺对COD和NH_4~+-N的去除率分别达到80%和90%以上,出水完全达到了发酵类制药工业水污染物排放标准(GB21903-2008)的排放要求;当HRT分别取12,22、26h时,对系统去除率有较大的影响;污泥浓度是影响膜通量的一个重要因素,污泥质量浓度应控制在7 g·L~(-1)左右;虽然污泥的沉降性能非常差,SV平均值为97.8%,但由于膜的高效截留作用,反应器不受污泥的性状的影响.     

膜生物反应器处理涂料工厂废水

介绍了采用膜生物反应器处理涂料工厂废水的设计和运行情况。实践证明,膜生物反应器对经混凝过滤预处理后的出水中的COD、SS的平均去除率分别为91％、85％,且具有流程简单、易于管理、运行效率高等优点。     

胞外聚合物对一体式膜生物反应器过滤特性的影响

考察一体式膜生物反应器(SMBR)运行中胞外聚合物(EPS)含量与膜过滤特性的关系,实验结果表明:EPS在反应器和膜表面均积累,引起混合液粘度和过滤阻力的增加;膜表面吸附的EPS质量随着悬浮EPS浓度变化而变化;周期性排放污泥可减少反应器内悬浮EPS浓度和膜表面EPS含量,从而降低膜的过滤阻力;膜生物反应器中悬浮EPS浓度与过滤阻力之间的相关性方程为:R=7×10~5×P~(3.3385)_v;单位膜面积吸附EPS质量与过滤阻力之间的相关性方程为:R=3.1525×10~(13)×P_u-2.201×10~(12)。     

降低膜生物反应器中膜污染的研究

根据膜生物反应器中膜污染的几种类型,分析了膜污染形成的原因,介绍了几种描述膜污染的数学模型。从膜本身性质、料液性质到操作过程等总结了几种防止或降低膜污染的方法,提出了曝气生物滤池与膜过滤组合降低膜污染的工艺。