On the challenges of measuring interfacial characteristics of three‐phase fluid flow with x‐ray microtomography

Synchrotron‐based x‐ray computed microtomography contributes high‐resolution, three‐dimensional observations to investigations of multiphase fluid transport in porous media. Pore‐scale observations are valuable to the development and validation of new theory, as well as numerical models. Computed microtomography has been used previously to measure fluid content and interfacial areas in systems containing two fluids (air–water, oil–water) and to a limited extent to measure fluid content and entrapped fluid morphology in systems containing three fluids (air–oil–water). This study addresses challenges that arise when imaging three‐phase flow in spreading systems. The first challenge is related to wettability alteration. Observations reported herein suggest that the wettability of solid surfaces changed over the course of a three‐fluid phase flow experiment, a phenomenon that has not been observed in similar, previously conducted two‐fluid phase experiments. Follow‐up experiments showed that wettability alteration is significant when oil–solid contact is combined with x‐ray exposure, and is not reversed with a conventional cleaning procedure. The second challenge arises in segmenting three‐phase images, and thereby obtaining data from which various measures can be quantified with sufficient accuracy. Partial volume effects and blur often cause the grey‐scale values of different fluids to overlap and appropriate steps must be taken to avoid ambiguity at phase boundaries. A comparison of images collected at standard resolution (10.6 microns voxel^–1) to those collected at a higher resolution (5.3 microns voxel^–1) showed that saturation measurements are within 5% of each other, but interfacial areas for three‐phase systems may be underestimated at standard resolution by as much as 25%.     

连续变截面直立管气泡泵工作特性试验研究

搭建了变截面直立管气泡泵装置试验台,采用无量纲方法定义气泡泵效率,分析加热功率,沉浸比对变截面直立管气泡泵提升性能的影响,并与等量管径(d=10mm)直管形气泡进行对比分析。试验结果表明在相同沉浸比下,随着加热功率增加液体提升率先增到最大值后逐渐减小;同样气泡泵效率也呈现出类似的变化趋势,不同趋势在于气泡泵效率存在峰值,且峰值随沉浸比的减小逐渐向右移动,最大率值从0.49降低到0.16;而与等量管径直管气泡泵对比中,在沉浸比0.5加热功率P=350W时,变截面直立管气泡泵提升优势明显,效率高出等量管径直管气泡泵效率9.2%。本文研究成果为变截面提升管气泡泵的优化设计提供了试验依据,拓宽了气泡泵的研究范围。     

Concentration and pressure measurements of dense sand and gravel multiphase flows under transient flow conditions in a vertically oriented closed conduit — Assessment of system and sensor performance

The hydraulic transport of sediments in sediment–water multiphase mixtures is an important process in nature and many industrial applications. The flows are characterized by complex transient phenomena, in which the overall system scale and the particle scale are equally important. Experimental research into dense mixture flows is focused on measurement of flowrates, differential pressures and concentrations of the suspended sediments.Concentration measurements are especially challenging in the case of coarse particles (beyond millimeter size scale) flowing in dense mixtures, limiting the range of available sensors for accurately measuring the in-situ solids concentrations. For the investigation of transient processes, a quick sensor response is required, which makes concentration measurement based on mixture conductivity an interesting option.This study is focused on combined concentration and pressure measurements in dense sediment–water mixtures with coarse particles in a vertically oriented closed conduit, using differential pressure sensors over the vertical segments and conductivity probes for measuring the mixture concentration. We experimentally investigated the dispersion process of an initially densely packed batch of sand and gravel by measuring the concentration on different segments of the conduit, resulting in data on mixture wall shear stresses for different sand and gravel mixtures and data of attenuation of concentration gradients in vertical upward and downward flow, in the conduit horizontal top section and in the centrifugal pump.We describe in the detail the sensor calibration and data processing method, giving a best practice for the use of conductivity concentration sensors in dense coarse particle mixtures, and we suggest a novel method for analysis of density wave amplification and attenuation based on concentration measurements in general, which allows for the detailed analysis of transient multiphase flow phenomena at pipe system component level.     

Modeling of Step Voltage Regulators in Multiphase Load Flow Solution of Distribution Systems Using Newton's Method and Augmented Nodal Analysis

The increasing complexity of distribution systems requires general, efficient, and large-scale capable methods. This paper proposes a new technique to find the tap positions of step voltage regulators in multiphase load flow solvers in a direct and efficient manner. This is achieved by applying Newton method to the system of equations obtained by using the concept of augmented matrix formulation and adding the constraint equations. This approach allows employing the regulator equations directly. The regulators are modeled by taking into account the line drop compensator circuit with its settings, i.e., the desired voltage level, bandwidth, and R′ and X′ settings, which represent the scaled impedance parameters of the distribution feeder between the regulator and the load center at which the voltage is controlled. The limits of the regulators such as minimum and maximum tap positions are also accounted for. The proposed technique represents a voltage regulator with transformer equations using an augmented matrix formulation. The mismatch equations are developed using the desired voltage setting in constraint equations with transformation ratio of the transformer being the unknown variable. The Jacobian matrix, which is constructed using the augmented matrix formulation, is expanded to hold the constraint equations of voltage regulators. The proposed new method is tested on a variety of test circuits including the large-scale IEEE 8500 Node Test Feeder, and the minimum number of iterations reported in the literature is achieved as presented in this paper.     

多相/多组分聚合物动态流变行为与相分离的关系

根据线性粘弹性理论模型，介绍了多相／多组分聚合物在长时区域的动态流变行为，讨论了与之相关的多组分聚合物时－温叠加可适性，着重评述长时区域的动态流变行为在多组分聚合物体系相容性、相分离研究的最新结果及其价值.     

水下航行体垂直出筒流体动力特性研究

采用数值仿真的方法研究了水下航行体垂直发射出筒过程多相流场和流体动力特性演化规律．结 合动网格技术,采用多相流Mixture模型、Singhal空化模型及标准的A—s湍流模型,对混合流场的RANS方 程进行求解,进而求解了水下航行体运动的固体边界与运动流场相互作用形成了流一固耦合问题,使用此方 法,实现了在重力影响下水下航行体垂直发射出筒过程和流体动力特性进行数值模拟研究,分析了高压气团 对航行体出筒过程中的水弹道及其流体动力特性的影响,分析了航行体压差系数、粘性系数和总力系数波动 的原因     

鼓泡床中电石渣加速碳酸化分析与响应面优化

搭建了鼓泡床碳酸化反应器,研究常温常压下电石渣直接液相碳酸化矿化封存CO₂的能力,揭示了重要操作参数表观气速、液固比和CO₂浓度对电石渣矿化封存CO₂能力和碳酸化效率的影响规律。同时构建响应面模型,分析各参数对电石渣碳酸化效率的影响强度,优化获得最大碳酸化效率及相应操作工况。结果表明,增加气速有利于钙离子溶解和CO₂吸收,但反应器中过高气速易导致气相通道效应,不利于气液充分接触。当液固比降低,溶液中钙离子浓度提高,更有利于碳酸化反应,但液固比过低会影响固液间传质。适当增加CO₂浓度有利于提高碳酸化效率,但CO₂浓度增至到一定值后,对碳酸化效率影响降低。响应面建模分析发现,各因素对碳酸化效率影响顺序为：液固比>CO₂浓度>表观气速。优化结果发现碳酸化效率最高为93.58%,工况为表观气速0.07m/s,液固比为8.26mL/g和CO₂体积分数为20.91%。研究可知,鼓泡床中常温常压下电石渣直接液相加速碳酸化反应,具有较大的CO₂固定量和高的碳酸化效率,实验结果为电石渣加速矿化封存CO₂技术的发展提供了基础数据。     

低、高压滴流床中压降和持液量计算的统一关系式

基于对滴流床中气液两相流动特征尺度的分析,提出以修正的相摩擦系数对相Reynolds数进行关联,获取低、高压滴流床中压降和持液量计算的统一关联式的方法.对于滴流床中单相不饱和流（液体流动,气体静止）情形,以及低压和高压滴流床中两相流、高气液作用情形,收集了文献报道的不同大小颗粒、不同物系的大量实验数据,以相摩擦系数对相Reynolds数进行关联,得到新的压降和持液量计算式,其物理意义明确,计算精度得以提高.     

微通道内液-液多相流数值模拟研究进展

液滴微流控技术在化学化工、生物医学等领域具有良好的应用前景,而微通道内的液-液多相流动则是液滴微流控技术中最常见的流动现象,深入研究其机理及其内在规律对相关装置与过程的优化设计具有重要的指导意义。本文系统地综述了研究微通道液-液多相流常用数值研究方法,回顾了连续力学方法与介观动理学方法的研究进展,详细介绍了界面追踪方法与界面捕捉方法的特点以及常用模型,讨论了多种模型的应用情况,论述并对比了不同模型的优势与限制。为进一步开展微通道液-液多相流行为规律及其内在机理的研究提供有益借鉴。微通道内多相流动涉及多种流体与界面的相互耦合,应进一步深入研究在模型简化的基础上实现更精确的界面与流体动力学行为描述。     

液相中气泡上升行为与界面传质:实验研究与数值计算

在工业生产过程中，气泡在液相中的上升行为及气液界面的传质行为极为常见。本文针对不同条件下气泡上升过程的实验研究方法以及数值计算方法进行了总结。从实验与数值计算的角度，综述了单气泡上升过程的影响因素、多气泡上升过程聚并与破裂的现象和机理以及工业装置中气液两相流型和气泡特性，并对传质模型进行了归纳，主要关注了气侧-界面传质模型的研究现状。综述结果表明：当前对于单气泡上升行为的研究较为充分，而对于多气泡的行为机理的研究尚需深入。此外，受到研究手段的限制，进行气侧-界面传质模型研究具有一定挑战性。针对当前的相关研究进展和存在的问题，对今后气泡上升行为和传质行为的研究提出以下建议，即开展气泡聚并与破裂可控性研究，强化对气侧-界面传质过程的研究，包括泡内流体行为可视化研究和相关传质模型的建立。