NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE GAS-PARTICLE FLOW IN RISERS I: THE MACRO FLOW BEHAVIOR

The steady gas-particle flow in risers under variant operating conditions was predicted based on a k-ε-k_p-ε_p-Θ two-fluid model, which describes the dense turbulent gas-particle flow by the Eulerian method, considering the turbulence of both gas and particles as well as the particles' collisional effects. Much information on the macro flow behavior in risers, such as the profiles of local particle axial velocity, solids volume fraction, and solids mass flux in different operating regimes was obtained, and the predicted results show satisfactory agreement with experimental data. Further analysis of the predictions gives the comprehension of flow characteristics on the macro scale.     

CFD as an approach to understand flammable dust 20 L standard test: Effect of the ignition time on the fluid flow

A computational study based on the Euler–Lagrange approach was developed for the characterization of flammable dusts in the 20 L sphere standard test. The aim of the study was to analyze some parameters that might affect the experimental data (e.g., cold turbulence and particle size). The turbulence of a wheat starch cloud was described with the Detached Eddy Simulation model. Both the pressure of the system and the RMS velocity were compared with the flow patterns established with a particle image velocimetry analysis. It was concluded that the rebound nozzle forms a cloud that is composed by clumps. This fact implies dissimilarities between the local concentrations and the nominal value. Finally, a granulometric analysis established that the mean diameter of the particle size distribution (PSD) decreased by 69% during the dispersion. Thus, it is suggested to consider the PSD at the ignition zone rather than the PSD of the sample. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 42–54, 2018     

The effect of liquid bridge model details on the dynamics of wet fluidized beds

Wet fluidized beds of particles in small periodic domains are simulated using the CFD‐DEM approach. A liquid bridge is formed upon particle‐particle collisions, which then ruptures when the particle separation exceeds a critical distance. The simulations take into account both surface tension and viscous forces due to the liquid bridge. We perform a series of simulations based on different liquid bridge formation models: (1) the static bridge model of Shi and McCarthy, (2) a simple static version of the model of Wu et al., as well as (3) the full dynamic bridge model of Wu et al. We systematically compare the differences caused by different liquid bridge formation models, as well as their sensitivity to system parameters. Finally, we provide recommendations for which systems a dynamic liquid bridge model must be used, and for which application this appears to be less important. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 437–456, 2018     

废弃选择性催化还原催化剂混掺对新催化剂脱硝性能的影响

采用"混炼-挤出-干燥-煅烧"工艺制备了不同废弃选择性催化还原（SCR）催化剂混掺比例的新催化剂样品,在自制实验台架上进行了脱硝性能和脱硝寿命评估实验。实验表明,当废催化剂混掺比例小于5%时,样品脱硝性能相比无混掺样品有轻微下降,催化剂脱硝效率随运行时间的衰减速率正常;当混掺比例大于5%时,催化剂样品脱硝性能大幅衰减,催化剂寿命缩短。结合N₂吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、X射线衍射（XRD）等表征手段分析,废催化剂的掺入会将碱金属、As等有害物质带入到高混掺量的样品中,导致催化剂脱硝性能下降;混掺比例高达15%时,15-cat样品表面复杂程度大幅下降,不利于SCR反应进行。实验论证了较高废弃催化剂混掺比例会严重影响制备所得新催化剂的脱硝性能。     

入口旋流对均一粒径液滴喷雾干燥塔影响的数值模拟

均一粒径液滴喷雾干燥塔（MDSD）在生产均匀尺寸颗粒产品中发挥着较大优势,进一步优化其干燥过程操作尤为重要。集成离散相（DPM）和反应工程法（REA）干燥方法,通过耦合分散室和主干燥室模型,本研究开发了完整的MDSD三维计算流体力学模型。并系统探究了在干燥过程中分散气旋流、热空气旋流以及二者共同旋流对颗粒运动和最终干燥效果的影响。模拟结果表明,在30°入射角下加入旋流效果最优。同时引入分散室和干燥室旋流后发现,同向旋流比反向旋流带来的干燥效果提升2%,更比无旋流操作下的干燥效果提升30%。欲达到同样的干燥效果,引入同向旋流,塔身可缩短近12%。     

化学反应器宏观混合研究展望

宏观混合是过程工业中的一个重要单元操作,习惯上用混合时间来定量描述,半个世纪以来实验和理论研究的积累十分丰富。然而,目前宏观混合时间的定义和测量方法仍有很强的主观性,结果不能科学地反映化学反应器内宏观混合过程的全局。对宏观混合的几个重要问题进行了分析,指出其缺陷,并建议了今后进一步深入研究的方向和提升本领域研究科学性的措施。     

2,3,6-三甲基苯酚气-液-液氧化反应与传质过程

对2,3,6-三甲基苯酚(TMP)的气-液-液纯氧常压三相氧化反应与传质过程进行了研究。该反应为液膜传质控制的快速反应,氧气消耗速率对原料TMP为1级。在液膜控制条件下探讨了水相体积分数(ε)、搅拌转速(n)、搅拌桨直径(d)和通气量(V)对反应的影响。结果表明,体系在e达到0.58后产生相变,相变后液相体积传质系数随ε变化趋势发生改变,液相体积传质系数(k_L(O₂)a)随n、d、V的增加而增大。综合考虑上述因素对k_L(O₂)a的影响,得到了液相体积传质系数的量纲一关联式,根据关联式计算得到的液相体积传质系数值与实验值接近,平均相对偏差为4.53%,表明关联式拟合效果较好。     

封存CO2裹挟可挥发性污染物的迁移模型分析

为了研究封存CO₂注入过程可挥发性污染物的释放和迁移特性,本文建立了CO₂-水-残余油多相流驱替过程中的污染物迁移模型。采用数学模拟方法分析了多相驱替过程和污染物迁移过程,并研究了相间传质特性、初始油相分布和CO₂注入速率等对污染物迁移过程的影响。研究表明:CO₂驱替过程将促使可挥发污染物进入CO₂相并随之在地层中迁移,逐渐形成相间传质区域。相间传质区域的演化反映了污染物释放和CO₂裹挟污染物迁移的特性。可挥发污染物的传质系数越大,相间传质区域越窄,油相饱和度衰减越快;油相初始饱和度较大时,其饱和度衰减相对缓慢,对应的相间传质区域也较窄。当CO₂注入速率增大时,相间传质区域增大,油相饱和度衰减变快。本文模型可用于不同地质储层环境下封存CO₂时可挥发性污染物的迁移特性分析,并用于封存CO₂的风险分析与评价。     

射流循环DTB结晶器内的CFD模拟

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对实验室级射流循环DTB蒸发结晶器内的单相流流场进行了数值模拟并优化结晶器结构,用欧拉多相流模型对优化的结晶器进行多相流模拟分析。结果表明,导流筒内射流满足线性扩展,其轴向速度分布基本满足高斯分布。刚进入导流筒内的射流段,轴线速度倒数与流程呈良好的线性关系,随射流的发展,轴线速度加速衰减。在入口直径恒定时,循环速率比随导流筒挡板间环隙面积与导流筒横截面积比的增加呈先增大再减小的趋势,存在最优值。优化的实验级DTB结晶器中导流筒内颗粒浓度分布沿径向方向减小,但基本可实现颗粒浓度较为均匀的分布,其循环速率与单相流模拟结果相比较低。