RESTORING SALMON HABITAT FOR A CHANGING CLIMATE

An important question for salmon restoration efforts in the western USA is ‘How should habitat restoration plans be altered to accommodate climate change effects on stream flow and temperature?’ We developed a decision support process for adapting salmon recovery plans that incorporates (1) local habitat factors limiting salmon recovery, (2) scenarios of climate change effects on stream flow and temperature, (3) the ability of restoration actions to ameliorate climate change effects, and (4) the ability of restoration actions to increase habitat diversity and salmon population resilience. To facilitate the use of this decision support framework, we mapped scenarios of future stream flow and temperature in the Pacific Northwest region and reviewed literature on habitat restoration actions to determine whether they ameliorate a climate change effect or increase life history diversity and salmon resilience. Under the climate change scenarios considered here, summer low flows decrease by 35–75% west of the Cascade Mountains, maximum monthly flows increase by 10–60% across most of the region, and stream temperatures increase between 2 and 6°C by 2070–2099. On the basis of our literature review, we found that restoring floodplain connectivity, restoring stream flow regimes, and re‐aggrading incised channels are most likely to ameliorate stream flow and temperature changes and increase habitat diversity and population resilience. By contrast, most restoration actions focused on in‐stream rehabilitation are unlikely to ameliorate climate change effects. Finally, we illustrate how the decision support process can be used to evaluate whether climate change should alter the types or priority of restoration actions in a salmon habitat restoration plan. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

吉林省工业节水与技术分析

吉林省工业用水水平较低,节水潜力较大.本文简要介绍工业节水的重要性,结合工业实际,分析工业节水的技术途径、技术难点,促进工业节水,提高水资源利用效率,实现吉林省经济社会的可持续发展.     

《长江科学院院报》近十年来发展述评

为了纪念长江科学院建院70周年,对《长江科学院院报》近10 a来的稿源与载文量、影响因子、作者群结构、基金论文比、学科分析、编委会作用、优质稿源、论文学术不端、新媒体融合、编辑队伍建设、取得的成绩等进行梳理与分析.结果表明:近10 a来期刊发展变化较大,来稿量和发文量分别增加了191％和41％;期刊复合被引频次和期刊影...     

Effect of bank slope on the flow patterns in river intakes

In this work, we studied the dimensions of stream tube in the vertical as well as inclined bank conditions. Data were collected from both a physical model and a 3-D numerical model（SSIIM 2）. Equations for predicting stream tube dimensions were presented and compared with existing formulae. In comparison with vertical bank, it is found that inclining bank causes the bottom stream tube width to be greater than at the surface. The strength of secondary current formed at the entrance of branch channel is reduced. These changes in flow pattern can reduce the amount of sediment delivery into the intake.     

RETRIEVING RIVER ATTRIBUTES FROM REMOTELY SENSED DATA: AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION BASED ON FIELD SPECTROSCOPY AT THE OUTDOOR STREAM LAB

This paper summarizes experiments conducted at the Outdoor Stream Lab to gain insight on the relationships between a channel's spectral characteristics and the river attributes of interest to scientists and managers. Improved understanding of these connections would advance the application of remote sensing to fluvial systems. Motivated by this objective, we examined the following: (i) interactions among local hydraulics, water surface roughness and surface reflectance; and (ii) the influence of periphyton development and streambed disturbance on bottom reflectance. These experiments could thus lead to novel methods for inferring flow velocity and substrate type, respectively, from passive optical image data. Our initial results indicate the following: (i) water surface reflectance can compromise spectrally based depth retrieval by reducing the range of useful wavelengths and weakening correlations between band ratios and depth, implying that removing the surface‐reflected component of the total radiance could facilitate bathymetric mapping; (ii) water surface roughness was influenced by local hydraulics and was positively correlated with water surface reflectance, suggesting that observations of surface reflectance could be used to infer flow velocities; (iii) substrate spectral characteristics were influenced by the degree of periphyton development, implying that algal biomass might be estimated from remotely sensed data; and (iv) similarly, bottom reflectance differed significantly for intact versus disturbed substrates, suggesting that areas of streambed disturbance might be identified via remote sensing. Future work will focus on further elucidating connections between surface reflectance, water surface texture and flow velocity, and developing quantitative relationships between bottom reflectance, periphyton abundance and the degree of streambed disturbance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An experimental study of impact loading on deck of shore-connecting jetties exposed to oblique waves and current

The impact pressure from waves is an important issue to be considered in the design of coastal structures. In this paper, the waves acting on the deck of a shore-connecting jetty on a slope exposed to oblique waves and in the presence of current are examined based on laboratory experiments. The impact pressures are measured on a 1：50 scale model of a jetty head with down-standing beams and berthing members. The relations of the impact pressure with the incident wave angle and the current velocity are examined. It is shown that the impact pressure is sensitive to the wave angle and the current velocity. A computational model for the impact load on the deck of shore-connecting jetties exposed to oblique waves and current is developed.     

The effect of stream regulation on the physico-chemical properties of the palmiet river,South Africa

The effect of regulation, by multiple impoundment, on ‘discontinuity’ (recovery) ‘distances’ (sensu Ward and Stanford, 1983) for various physico-chemical attributes of the Palmiet River (a short, steep gradient, cool temperate, acid, low-nutrient system) was investigated. Physico-chemical features were measured monthly, from February 1986 to August 1987, at 11 sites along the river, but concentrating on two zones: one below an upper-reach impoundment, Nuweberg Dam, and one below a middle-reach impoundment, Arieskraal Dam. Median total suspended solids, nitrates, nitrites and ammonium all increased below both dams with varying levels of ‘recovery’. Median spot temperatures, pH and alkalinity increased below Nuweberg, but decreased below Arieskraal Dam, whereas the converse was true for soluble reactive phosphate. Nuweberg had no effect on conductivity and total dissolved solids, while Arieskraal caused a slight decrease. The river remained well oxygenated down its length. Distinct seasonal variations were recorded for: flow rate, with flow reversal below Nuweberg and flow constancy below Arieskraal; temperature, with seasonal shifts and dampening of annual temperature range below both dams; alkalinity, with seasonal shifts below Arieskraal, and nitrites and nitrates, but not for any other attributes. At least partial recovery was noted in all cases, but in some instances, recovery was incomplete to the estuary. The implications of such alterations, for invertebrates, in terms of reduction in habitat diversity as well as for food supply must be considerable and studies are currently under way to determine community structure and diversity.     

Stress-strain relationships in uniaxial extension of high cis-1,4-polyisoprene networks with different molecular weight precursors

Equilibrium stress-strain relationships in uniaxial extension for high cis-1,4-polyisoprene (Shell IR 307) networks were obtained by extrapolation of relaxation measurements to infinite time through a BKZ constitutive equation. Three series of networks were investigated, each series being characterized by its polymer precursor molecular weight. Influence of crosslinking density was studied through varying amounts of dicumyl peroxide as crosslinking agent. These results were used to test Flory and Erman's recent molecular elasticity theory of imperfect networks with constraints on junctions. It was shown that this later theory treating entanglements as restrictions on junction fluctuations could be reasonably used to characterize network topology. A universal value of 0.50 for the interpenetration parameter I is confirmed and an interpretation of parameter ζ in terms of network inhomogeneity is tentatively given.     

管道无压流的过流能力研究

利用数学极值理论分析了管道无压流最大过流量、最大流速的发生工况,并建立了最大过流量、最大流速与管线纵坡、管径、管道糙率的关系表达式,为管道设计提供参考和依据。     

武都水库坝后背管设计

介绍了武都水库坝后背管的布置、结构计算、结构型式及配筋、防腐设计和安全监测设计。坝后背管因其对大坝混凝土施工干扰小,已广泛采用。设计除满足结构强度和抗外压稳定外,还需满足外包混凝土的限裂要求。在高地震区,应采取措施加强背管与坝体混凝土之间的连接。