Gas permeability of NH3‐plasma‐treated poly(methyl methacrylate) membranes

The effect of NH₃ plasma treatment on glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) membranes on the diffusion process for penetrant gases (CO₂, O₂, and N₂) was investigated from mean permeability data. The mean permeability coefficient for CO₂ definitely depended on the upstream pressure, whereas those for O₂ and N₂ remained constant regardless of the upstream pressure. For O₂ transport, the permeability increased a little with increasing treatment power, and for N₂ transport, it was not affected by the treatment power. For CO₂ transport, NH₃ plasma treatment promoted the transport of Langmuir mode, presumably through an increased Langmuir capacity constant for CO₂. NH₃ plasma treatment for PMMA membranes resulted in an increase in the separation factor of CO₂ relative to N₂ and in the permeability to CO₂. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1068–1072, 2003     

Effect of compatibilization on the oxygen‐barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(m‐xylylene adipamide) blends

The improvement of the oxygen‐barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) via blending with an aromatic polyamide [poly(m‐xylylene adipamide) (MXD6)] was studied. The compatibilization of the blends was attempted through the incorporation of small amounts of sodium 5‐sulfoisophthalate (SIPE) into the PET matrix. The possibility of a transamidation reaction between PET and MXD6 was eliminated by ¹³C‐NMR analysis of melt blends with 20 wt % MXD6. An examination of the blend morphology by atomic force microscopy revealed that SIPE effectively compatibilized the blends by reducing the MXD6 particle size. Thermal analysis showed that MXD6 had a nucleating effect on the crystallization of PET, whereas the crystallization of MXD6 was inhibited, especially in compatibilized blends. Blending 10 wt % MXD6 with PET had only a small effect on the oxygen permeability of the unoriented blend when it was measured at 43% relative humidity, as predicted by the Maxwell model. However, biaxially oriented films with 10 wt % MXD6 had significantly reduced oxygen permeability in comparison with PET. The permeability at 43% relative humidity was reduced by a factor of 3 in compatibilized blends. Biaxial orientation transformed spherical MXD6 domains into platelets oriented in the plane of the film. An enhanced barrier arose from the increased tortuosity of the diffusion pathway due to the high aspect ratio of MXD6 platelets. The aspect ratio was calculated from the macroscopic draw ratio and confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The reduction in permeability was satisfactorily described by the Nielsen model. The decrease in the oxygen permeability of biaxially oriented films was also achieved in bottle walls blown from blends of PET with MXD6. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1361–1370, 2005     

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of stearyl methacrylate using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator

The living/controlled radical polymerization of stearyl methacrylate was carried out with a conventional radical initiator (2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile) in N,N‐dimethylformamide in the presence of a 2,2′‐bipyridine complex of hexakis(N,N‐dimethylformamide)iron(III) perchlorate. The polymerization mechanism was thought to proceed through a reverse atom transfer radical polymerization. The molecular weights of resulting poly(stearyl methacrylate) increased with conversion, and the resulting molecular weight distributions were quite narrow. The rates of polymerization exhibited first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer. A probable reaction mechanism for the polymerization system is postulated to explain the observed results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1236–1245, 2002     

4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenyl methacrylate copolymers with 2,4‐dichlorophenyl methacrylate: Synthesis,characterization, and antimicrobial activity

4‐Chloro‐3‐methylphenyl methacrylate (CMPM) and 2,4‐dichlorophenyl methacrylate (2,4‐DMA) were synthesized by reacting methacryloyl chloride with 4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenol (CMP) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DP), respectively. Homo and copolymers of CMPM and 2,4‐DMA were obtained from different monomer feed ratios, using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator in toluene at 70°C. IR‐spectroscopy was employed to characterize the resulting homo and copolymers. Copolymer compositions were determined by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Fineman–Ross method was used to calculate the reactivity ratios of the monomers. Average molecular weight and polydispersity index were obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of copolymers were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. Antimicrobial effects of the homo and copolymers were also investigated for various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100:439–448, 2006     

纤维素酯膜的有机物渗透性

本文研究了经丙酮水溶液改性处理后的醋酸纤维素（CA）反渗透（RO）膜的有机物渗透性，在丙酮改性处理过程，透过CA－RO膜的丙酮溶剂量，开始时迅速下降，然后逐渐趋于零，多孔膜变成了致密均相膜，非对称性的超滤（UF）膜，纳滤（NF）膜，RO膜，分别经丙酮改性处理后，甲苯透过膜的渗透速率依次减少。孔径越小，脱盐率越低的RO膜，经改性处理后，甲苯渗透速率越小，三醋酸纤维素（CTA）与醋酸丁酸纤维素（CAB）二组分混的CTACAB膜，或者与醋酸丙酸纤维素（CAP）三组分共混的CTACABCAP膜，随着实验时间的延长，甲苯的渗透速率，前者逐渐下降到接近零时趋于稳定，后者没有变化，改性的CA膜和CTACAB共混膜分离甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）／甲醇（MeOH)混合物时，渗透能量分别为835和226（g/m^2.h)，渗透物中MeOH浓度都达到88wt％。     

外语教学中的文化渗透

语言和文化之间存在着密切的关系。外语教学应注重培养学生的跨文化交际能力。文章旨在把任务教学法应用到外语教学中,为外语教学和文化渗透架构桥梁。     

刍议情感教育在物理教学中的渗透

教育心理学研究表明:情感教育是影响教学质量的一个重要因素,积极丰富的情感教育能促进认识过程、意志过程,使个性品质得到全面发展。情感教育在教学中的作用非常重要。对情感教育在物理教学中的渗透进行研究,阐述了物理教学与情感教育如何有机结合,相互渗透,从而完成物理教学的理想目标。     

Cr-C-O氢渗透阻挡层的适用条件研究

将具有阻挡层的试样封装在具有不同CO2压力的石英管中加热,然后对阻挡层表面进行观察和XPS分析,并用相对灵敏度因子法对X射线光电子能谱分析结果进行了计算分析。结果表明：700℃加热后,在0．03MPaCO2条件下的阻挡层被破破坏;300—500Pa的CO2条件下的阻挡层完好,其中的C-H键和-OH键的量随保温时间的增长和CO2压力的增高而增高;阻挡层能够在300—500Pa的CO2、700℃的封闭小空间中连续工作300小时。     

Effect of hygroscopic materials on water vapor permeation and dehumidification performance of poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes

In this study, two hygroscopic materials, inorganic lithium chloride (LiCl) and organic triethylene glycol (TEG) were separately added to poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to form blend membranes for air dehumidification. Water vapor permeation, dehumidification performance and long‐term durability of the membranes were studied systematically. Membrane hydrophilicity and water vapor sorbability increased significantly with higher the hygroscopic material contents. Water vapor permeance of the membranes increased with both added hygroscopic material and absorbed water. Water permeation energy varied from positive to negative with higher hygroscopic content. This observation is attributed to a lower diffusion energy and a relatively constant sorption energy when hygroscopic content increases. Comparatively, PVA/TEG has less corrosive problems and is more environmentally friendly than PVA/LiCl. A membrane with PVA/TEG is observed to be highly durable and is suitable for dehumidification applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44765.