橡胶密炼机混炼工艺瞬时功率控制法

橡胶密炼机混炼工艺瞬时功率控制法的理论由３部分组成：橡胶混炼过程的机理、密炼机流理论和混炼过程功率曲线与能量控制法不同，瞬时功率控制法实质上是控制混炼过程中胶料的粘度，确保混炼工艺过程保持最佳状态。因而瞬时功能控制法可监控生产过程，为密炼机混炼工艺的智能控制奠定了基础。     

不同活化剂对石油焦基活性炭孔结构的影响

以石油焦为原料 ,Na OH,KOH和 Na2 CO3 为活化剂制备活性炭 ,采用氮气吸附考察了不同活化剂对活性炭的比表面积、中孔和微孔孔径分布、孔容积及平均孔径等孔结构的影响 .结果表明 :KOH活化制备的活性炭包含 1 nm的微孔和 4nm的中孔 ,总孔容 0 .648cm3 /g,比表面积大 ;Na OH制备的活性炭以 1 nm的微孔为主 ,占总孔容 ( 0 .1 65 cm3 /g)的 98% ,平均孔径 1 .83nm;Na2 CO3 制备的活性炭以 4nm的中孔为主 ,占总孔容 ( 0 .1 43cm3 /g)的 68.5 % ,平均孔径 3.42 nm,比表面积小 .3种样品的孔径都呈现出多峰分布特征 .KOH和 Na2 CO3 活化制备的活性炭的 N2 吸附脱附曲线属于 型 ,Na OH活化制备的活性炭吸附脱附曲线属于 型 .     

炼油与化工一体化 有效利用原油资源--从多种化学反应剖析多产石化产品途径

介绍了炼油过程中多产石油化工原料的有关工艺技术,从化学结构转化角度阐明了理论依据.由于原油特别是重油中丰富的烷基碳、环烷碳和芳碳资源均能通过一定途径转化为低碳烯碳以及芳碳,其潜在资源超过单纯依靠石脑油所能提供的数量,因而在经济合理和技术可行的原则下尽量提高其转化率成为当前炼油-化工一体化的研究热点.     

石油化工生产中的火灾危险性与消防安全控制措施

石油化工生产具有易燃易爆、有毒、腐蚀性物质多．易形成爆炸性混合物．高温高压设备多，建筑物的孔洞和沟道较多，生产高度密封化、连续化，工艺复杂，操作要求极其严格．发生事故容易形成连锁性反应等特点。这些特点决定了石油化工生产所固有的火灾爆炸危险性。因此，生产中必须严格安全操作规程．采取相应的消防安全控制措施．尽量避免火灾爆炸事故的发生。     

石油勘探开发行业可持续发展战略研究

从可持续发展的基本内涵出发，初步研究了石油勘探开发行业可持续发展的主要特征和指导原则，并提出了石油勘探开发行业可持续发展的若干主要对策。将可持续发展思想和战略逐渐融进石油工业业务活动中去，对我国石油工业的持续稳定发展具有十分重要的意义。     

萘降解菌的筛选及降解性能的初步研究

微生物降解是多环芳烃从土壤和水环境中消失的主要途径。本文从加油站废油排放口附近被污染土壤中筛选到两种降解萘的混合菌H1、H2并从中分离出一株纯菌C_1。研究发现,利用纯无机盐培养基加萘作为唯一碳源要比加入其它营养物质的培养基对于筛选萘降解菌更为有利。H_1、H_2和C_1均能以萘为唯一碳源生长,在萘初始浓度为1000mg/L的纯无机盐培养基中培养40h后,培养液中微生物数量分别增长10倍以上,利用气相色谱测得萘的降解率都达到99．6％以上。     

Correlation of reactivity with chemical structure: Thermal hydrogenation of gas oils

The relationship between chemical structure and reactivity for thermal hydroprocessing was studied for five gas oils derived from Alberta bitumens. Chemical structure was characterized by combining data from ¹ H and ¹³ C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, class fractionation, and elemental analysis to calculate structural parameters. Thermal hydrotreating was performed in a continuous-flow stirred reactor at 420 and 440°C, 13.9 MPa hydrogen pressure, and 1.5 h¹ LHSV. Conversion of the 343–525°C boiling fraction of the gas oils was correlated with the concentration of naphthenic methylene groups in the feed. Formation of methane and ethane was dependent on the degree of condensation of the aromatic rings in the feed oils. Thermal desulfurization was highly correlated with the amount of saturates in the feed, and the aromaticity of the resin fraction. Hydrogen consumption increased with the aromaticity of the gas oil…     

利用废旧高分子材料制备改性石油沥青

利用废旧高分子材料、无机填料为改性剂，采用熔融共混方法制备了一系列性能优异的新型改性石油沥青，分析了改性剂类型和用量对石油改性沥青的软化点、脆化温度、针入度和延度等性能的影响。结果表明：改性石油沥青的针入度和延度稍有降低，但其软化点明显升高，脆化温度降低，拓宽了石油沥青的使用温度范围，综合性能提高。     

Dynamics in input and output coefficients for land use studies: a case study for nitrogen in crop rotations

Increasingly, model-based approaches play a role in the design and development of new land use systems. Simulation modeling may play a role in the generation of land use systems for land units, and optimization modeling (e.g. linear programming – LP) may be used in the upscaling to farm and region. In the quantification of new land use systems for land units, often equilibrium conditions with respect to soil resources are assumed, following a so-called target-oriented approach. This facilitates ex ante computation of inputs and emissions of nutrients and allows their use in static optimization models based on LP. The condition of equilibrium in soil resources is often not met, nor is it the ultimate aim. Hence, the dynamics in new systems are insufficiently dealt with. This paper presents an approach for the design of land use systems (crop rotations) and their quantification in terms of input and output coefficients, using particular yields and dynamics in soil resources as targets. Interactions between N input and output of succeeding crops are explicitly taken into account. A simple N-balance model is used describing major processes affecting soil N-dynamics. For the Koutiala region in Mali five crop rotations are evaluated that differ in target crop yield, crop choice, crop residue management and external N source. Modeled crop rotations aiming at high yields, in combination with incorporation of crop residues and legumes, result in depletion of soil N stock. Only in crop rotations aiming at high yields and with incorporation of crop residues combined with a supply of large quantities of animal manure, soil N depletion can be prevented. Four approaches are presented of how to use the dynamic input–output coefficients of these systems in land use studies using LP: (i) use of average coefficients, (ii) use of discounted coefficients, (iii) use of pessimistic estimates of coefficients in an optimization of the land use allocation followed by a recalculation of the objective values for the optimized land use with optimistic coefficients, and (iv) a combined use of systems characteristics, i.e. cumulative N-inputs of land use systems over the time horizon and the magnitude of the soil N pool at the end of the time horizon, which can be used as filters for land use systems. Though none of the approaches completely captures the dynamics in input–output coefficients, they enable a well-founded consideration of the consequences of dynamics in, for instance, soil N stocks in static optimization approaches for farm and regional studies.     

New correlation for predicting the viscosity of heavy petroleum fractions

A new, simple and reliable empirical correlation for predicting the viscosities of heavy petroleum fractions is proposed, applicable to fractions with mid-boiling points from 80 to 550°C over a wide range of viscosities (0.4 to 260 mm² s⁻¹) and measurement temperatures (40 to 200°C). This correlation showed better accuracy in the prediction of heavy petroleum fraction viscosities than that of the most accurate and much more complicated predictive methods in the literature, since it gave an overall average absolute deviation of 6.5% when tested on 296 data for medium and heavy petroleum fractions.