An evaluation of fuelwood properties of some Aravally mountain tree and shrub species of Western India

The study analyses the fuelwood characteristics of 26 trees including shrub species from the dry deciduous forest in Aravally region, Rajasthan, Western India was carried out to explore trees with potential for fuelwood production. Fuelwood value index (FVI) based on the properties of calorific value, wood density and ash. Calorific value was ranged between 18.54 ± 0.04 and 27.44 ± 0.09 KJ g⁻¹ in Jatropha curcus and Wrightia tinctoria respectively. Wood density varied from 0.538 ± 0.01 to 0.966 ± 0.07 g/cm³ in J. curcus and Acacia nilotica. Same way ash and moisture content was highest in J. curcus (3.38 ± 0.19%) and Sterculia urens (70.28 ± 7.52%) and lowest in Miliusa tomentosa (0.85 ± 0.06%) and Azadirachta indica (30.7 ± 10.02%) respectively. On the basis, of the 26 species analyzed, M. tomentosa has the highest FVI, followed by Lannea coromandelica, Acacia leucophloea, Madhuca indica, A. nilotica, W. tinctoria, Butea monosperma, Zizyphus nummularia, S. urens, Boswellia serrata, A. indica, Grewia tenax, Syzygium cuminii, Tectona grandis and Dalbergia sissoo were shown to have promising fuelwood production.     

On the relationship of canopy LAI and photon recollision probability in boreal forests

The theory of spectral invariants, or ‘p-theory’, states that the canopy scattering coefficient at any wavelength can be related to the leaf scattering coefficient at the same wavelength through a spectrally invariant canopy structural parameter — the photon recollision probability p. The p-theory has recently gained interest in the vegetation reflectance modeling community as an efficient tool for characterizing scattering in clumped foliage structures. In this short communication paper, we report empirical data of the relationship of canopy leaf area index (LAI), diffuse non-interceptance and photon recollision probability for 1032 coniferous and broadleaved forest plots measured in Finland. Our results indicate that the relationship of canopy LAI and diffuse non-interceptance is near-universal in boreal stands i.e. it does not depend on stand age, tree species or growth conditions. This allows improving parameterizations used by canopy reflectance models which utilize the photon recollision probability concept. Our results also suggest that establishing species-specific p-LAI functions for northern European forests requires more research on the influence of micro- and macroscale foliage grouping on photon recollision probability.     

Effects of initial albumen quality and mineral oil–chitosan emulsion coating on internal quality and shelf‐life of eggs during room temperature storage

Effects of mineral oil (MO) and mineral oil–chitosan emulsion (MO:CH = 25:75) as coatings on internal quality and shelf‐life of eggs were evaluated during 5‐week storage at 25 °C. Eggs with three different initial albumen qualities [Haugh unit (HU): H = 87.8, M = 75.6 and L = 70.9] were evaluated. As storage time increased, HU and yolk index values decreased whereas weight loss increased. Coating with MO and/or 25:75 MO:CH emulsion could preserve the internal quality for at least 4 more weeks for H‐eggs and at least 3 more weeks for M and/or L‐eggs, all with weight losses <0.92%. All coated eggs had >70% positive purchase intent, and their colour differences at week 0 could not be detected by naked human eye (ΔE^* < 3.0, noncoated eggs as reference). Consumers significantly differentiated freshly MO‐coated from noncoated eggs on overall surface appearance. This study demonstrated that MO and 25:75 MO:CH emulsion coatings could preserve internal quality and prolong shelf‐life of eggs.     

急性等容血液稀释自体血回输对老年骨科手术患者脑电双谱指数与肌松效应的影响

目的：观察急性等容血液稀释（ANH）自体血回输对老年骨科手术患者脑电双谱指数与肌松效应的影响,探究含有麻醉药成分的自体血回输对术后麻醉苏醒质量及安全性的影响。方法：择期骨科手术患者40例,年龄65～75岁,体质量55～80 kg,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,预计术中出血量≥600 mL。患者随机分为2组（n=20）：A组为进行ANH组,在麻醉诱导平稳后实施ANH,血细胞比容（Hct）目标值28%～30%;B组为对照组,即术中常规补液,不进行ANH。于术毕回输自体血时（T1）、回输10 min（T2）、20 min（T3）、30 min（T4）、40 min（T5）、50 min（T6）、60 min（T7）各时点观测两组患者脑电双频指数（BIS）、四个成串刺激（TOF值）及丙泊酚、顺式阿曲库铵的血浆药物浓度变化;观察并记录术前（T0）及T7时点血气变化,观察患者拔除气管导管的时间以及苏醒质量。结果：A组BIS值在术后T6、T7时点明显低于B组（P<0.05）,A组TOF值在T5、T6、T7时点明显低于B组（P<0.05）;A组与B组术后丙泊酚、顺式阿曲库铵的血药浓度组间比较差异无显著性（P>0.05）;A组在术后T7时点乳酸（Lac）值明显高于B组（P<0.05）;A组拔除气管导管的时间明显长于B组（P<0.05）;A组Aldrete评分明显低于B组（P<0.05）。结论：ANH后术毕自体血回输可增加血浆中麻醉药物浓度,加深患者的麻醉深度,增强肌松效应,使老年患者呼吸功能恢复和拔管时间延迟。     

阿尔兹海默病的疾病进展模型与研究进展

阿尔兹海默病（AD）是一种病理机制暂不明确的神经退行性疾病,定量药理学中的疾病进展模型可以通过定量的方法充分描述AD患者疾病发展轨迹。通过模型中引入生物标志物信息,可有助于加深对AD病理机制的研究,辅助并优化临床试验的设计。现已有多种经验性或半机制的AD疾病进展模型报道。本文对此进行了综述,以期为阿尔兹海默病的临床研究和新药研发提供参考。     

烟幕材料对太赫兹波的屏蔽特性研究

介绍了透射型太赫兹时域光谱系统实验装置和相关参数的提取方法,分别对绿色和黄色两种烟幕材料在太赫兹波段的光谱特性进行了实验研究,得到了这两种材料的折射率曲线和屏蔽效能曲线。实验表明,这两种材料对可见光和红外波段有较好的遮蔽特性,而对太赫兹辐射的屏蔽效能却较差,太赫兹侦察探测具有较强的抗干扰能力,能够弥补传统可见、红外探测系统的不足。     

一种电网可疑参数诊断方法研究

电网参数错误将影响电力系统状态估计的质量,并降低能量管理系统中其他高级应用软件的实用化程度。当存在多个遥测坏数据和参数错误时,如何保证状态估计结果的有效性非常重要。提出了一种电网可疑参数诊断方法,将参数错误和量测错误在信息空间统一建模,根据加权最小二乘方法计算各量测量的百分比残差并通过阈值比较获得可疑测点集合;计算各可疑测点以及可疑支路的相关度指标,针对各可疑支路逐一采用牛顿下山法求解可疑参数的最优估计,并更新参数集。算例仿真结果表明,该方法能够综合考虑网络参数错误和量测数据错误,并且能够适用于多个错误参数并存的情况,有效地提升了参数辨识与诊断的准确度,对于提高电网运行基础数据的质量与电网高级应用的实用化程度发挥了重要作用。     

互联电网运行控制性能评价标准研究(三)新标准的指标设计

基于所提出的评价标准新构架和3个标准的设计思想,针对中国电网运行具体实际,对各标准指标的构造进行了理论探索,给出了3个标准的指标备选方案。其要点是:将行业标准中频率合格百分数指标转化为概率指标,以适应中国的电网质量考核方式;针对频率安全的实际关注点,设计积分型的频率安全标准指标形式,并给出了离散采样情况下的指标样式;无意交换电量标准中时段长度可选,可适应不同的结算时间尺度;对所设计的各项标准的重合度进行分析,明确了各标准同时设置的必要性。     

考虑用户定量需求的优质电力园区DVR优化配置

优质电力园区是针对区域性高品质供电问题的一种有效解决方案,其中定制电力设备配置方案的确定是园区规划建设的重要内容。针对园区中动态电压恢复器(dynamic voltage restorer,DVR)的配置问题,提出一种考虑用户短时电压质量定量需求的DVR优化配置策略。基于过程抗扰时间和物理参数变化曲线,将用户对过程运行状态需求映射为短时电压质量需求,实现用户需求量化;以DVR投资最少为目标,满足用户需求为约束,建立DVR优化配置模型,用Tabu搜索算法求解,得到优化配置方案。对典型园区的仿真结果表明,该方法所得配置方案经济、可行,能在满足用户短时电压质量定量需求的同时,保证DVR投资最少。     

可信度控制下的相继开断潮流快速计算

电力系统相继开断的分析面临着维数灾和交流潮流计算量大的瓶颈,分布因子法被广泛研究以减少其计算量。但由于分布因子法忽略了非线性因素,误差不但难以控制,并随相继开断不断积累,严重阻碍其实际应用。为了使开断潮流的计算兼具分布因子法的快速性和交流潮流法的精确性,基于摄动获取的二阶灵敏度,提出分布因子法的可信度指标,并据其判断是否需要运行一次交流潮流来消除累积误差。仿真实例表明,该指标能可靠地估计分布因子法的误差,而设计的计算框架则在保证精度的基础上,提升了计算效率。