短模型上的明渠非恒定流试验

水工整体模型试验中,明渠非恒定流至今大多被简化为恒定流,而效果有时并不理想。本文指出,只要设置固定式曲线尾门,并有必要的动态量测设备,便可模拟原型非恒定流;即使模型偏短,也能得出比恒定流试验更接近原型的成果。在同一模型上,既做恒定流试验,又进行必要的非恒定流试验,二者相辅相成,必将有助于试验水平的提高。作为例证,本文介绍了泄洪调度导致航道水面波动的一项试验成果,并以岩基冲刷、通航水流条件、围堰过水、河床冲淤等研究课题为例,讨论了采用“短模型非恒定流试验方式”的必要性与可行性。     

Simulation of water and nitrogen dynamics in soils during wastewater applications by using a finite-element model

A mathematical model was developed to simulate water movement, mass transport, and nitrogen transformations in soils during wastewater applications. The model is one-dimensional and based on the Galerkin finite-element method. The submodel of mass transport of nitrogen incorporates the convection-dispersion processes of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, nitrification, denitrification, ammonium exchange and uptake of ammonium and nitrate ions. The accuracy and validity of the proposed model was examined by comparison with an explicit-implicit finite-difference model results. The model was used for simulation of water and nitrogen dynamics during wastewater application in homogeneous and multi-layered soils under different N concentration, rate, duration and scheduling of application.     

Time-dependent soil-water distribution under a circular trickle source

Soil-water distribution in homogeneous soil profiles of Yolo clay loam and Yolo sand (Typic xerorthents) irrigated from a circular source of water, was measured several times after the initiation of irrigation. The effect of trickle discharge rates and soil type on the locations of the wetting front and soil-water distribution was considered. Soil-water tension and hydraulic conductivity, as functions of soil-water content, were also measured. The theories of time-dependent, linearized infiltration from a circular source and a finite-element solution of the two-dimensional transient soil-water equation were compared with the experimental results. In general, for both soils the computer horizontal and vertical advances of the wetting front were closely related to those observed. With both theories, a better prediction of the wetting front position for the clay loam soil than for the sandy soil is shown. The calculated and measured horizontal vertical advances did not agree over long periods of time. With the linearized solution, overestimated and underestimated vertical advances for the clay and sandy soils, respectively, were shown. The finite-element model approximate in a better way the vertical advances than the linearized solution, while an opposite tendency for the horizontal advances indicated, especially in sandy soil.Notation k constant (dK/d) - K hydraulic conductivity - K ₀ saturated hydraulic conductivity - J ₀,J ₁ Bessel functions of the first kind - h soil water tension - q Q/r ₀ ² - Q discharge rate - r cylindrical coordinate; also horizontal distance in soil surface - R dimensionless quantity forr - r ₀ constant pond radius - R ₀ dimensionless quantity forr ₀ - t time - T dimensionless quantity fort - x, y Cartesian coordinates - z vertical coordinate; also vertical distance along thez axis chosen positively downward - Z dimensionless quantity forz - empirical soil characteristic constant - dummy variable of integration - volumetric soil water content - matrix flux potential - dimensionless quantity for      

全封闭大功率永磁牵引电机的温度场数值计算

为研究全封闭大功率永磁牵引电机额定工况下的稳态温度场,以一台额定功率为815 kW的永磁同步牵引电机为研究对象,依据成型绕组槽部导热模型,建立了整机三维温度场共轭传热计算模型。考虑旋转磁化、冲压过程和磁密高阶谐波对定子铁耗的影响,以及水套-定子铁心间接触热阻抗对电机温升的影响,采用Fluent软件对电机额定工况下的稳态流场与温度场求解,使用电阻法和埋置检温计法（ETD）测得电机在额定工况下绕组的平均温升、铁心测点和绕组端部测点局部温升,绝对误差分别为-3.7 K、-0.3 K和7.6 K。进一步分析了电机水路和内风路流场分布特性、水套-定子铁心间接触间隙对绕组平均温升的影响以及槽内绕组附近的温升分布情况,最后提出了该类电机冷却系统设计优化方向。     

EFFECT OF MASS FLUX AND SYSTEM PRESSURE ON TWO-PHASE FRICTION MULTIPLIER

A horizontal boiling water loop was used to obtain pressure drop and heat transfer data for two-phase steam-water flow for pressures of up to 825 kPa. The data were used to examine the predictions of the separated flow model using the Lockhart-Martinelli method of estimating the two-phase friction multiplier.

The influence of mass flux on the two-phase friction multiplier has been reported for high pressure systems by many workers. The present work confirms the existence of this influence at low pressures as well. System pressure is also found to be a parameter. A correlation for the two-phase friction multiplier, incorporating the effects of mass flux and pressure, is presented here. The correlation has been tested against data from two independent sources. The predictions have been found to be in very good agreement with the data.     

基于蚁群算法的高速公路入口匝道控制

提出一种具有普适性的蚁群算法,该算法对参数的转移概率和信息素的计算方法进行了改进,提高了算法的全局性能,将其用于高速公路入口匝道控制器的参数寻优.建立了高速公路交通流模型,结合非线性反馈理论设计了蚁群算法优化的入口匝道PI控制器,给出了蚁群算法优化的步骤,并用Matlab软件对控制器进行了仿真研究.仿真结果表明,基于蚁...     

气固两相流介质中声衰减测量方法研究

通过声波衰减谱反推气固两相流状态,是气固两相流声学监测研究的一种重要方法。在假设声能量的相对衰减量与声波传播距离成正比的前提下,推导出声压级随传播距离变化的表达式。设计搭建了测试两相流下声衰减的实验台,根据声压级随传播距离变化的关系,推导出实验计算气固两相流声衰减系数的表达式。实验条件下的噪声主要为风机的漩涡噪声和旋转噪声,以及机械噪声和气流的气动噪声。分析不同噪声的特点,提出了通过A计权网络和小波滤波相结合的滤除噪声的方法。     

面向城市交通网络的一种新型动态路径寻优方法

 针对静态路径寻优方法中没有考虑到交通流随时间变化的问题,本文提出一种基于交通流量预测的路径寻优方法.首先,从实际交通路网本身的特点和人类对路网的认识出发,构建以"道路"为基本元素的新型路网模型;其次,采用基于单变量时间序列的预测方法对路网上各路段未来一段时间内的道路交通流量进行预测,并根据预测结果估计出行者在未来时段各路段上的交通代价;再次,通过估计的交通代价把车辆从起点到该路段时间内的道路交通变化状况融入改进A^*算法的路径搜索过程,从而建立一种高效的动态改进A^*路径搜索算法;最后,实例表明预测交通流量与实际交通流量具有很好的拟合度,路径搜索结果能够对出行者起到诱导作用,提高出行者行驶效率.     

我国轮胎工业40年发展的真实写照与缩影 ——纪念《轮胎工业》创刊40周年

结合《轮胎工业》创刊40年来的报道内容,综述我国轮胎工业40年来的发展历程。我国轮胎生产从最初的使用棉帘线、天然橡胶生产斜交轮胎,通过不断的技术攻关,逐步发展到生产子午线轮胎、无内胎轮胎、扁平化轮胎,进而到航空轮胎、绿色轮胎、安全轮胎、智能轮胎,每一步发展都包含着大量科技创新和自主知识产权。发展民用航空子午线轮胎、新能源汽车轮胎、免充气轮胎等生产技术是“十四五”的发展重点。     

砂岩铀矿CO_2+O_2地浸初期流场模拟及水化学验证

以新疆某砂岩型铀矿床"六注两抽"的地浸单元为研究对象,采用数值模拟与水化学分析相结合的方法,对CO_2+O_2中性地浸初期流场形成进程及其与溶质运移的关系进行了研究。结果表明,在以抽孔和注孔连线为轴线的纺锤形地浸流场中,地浸溶液前锋用时15d抵达抽液孔。SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-浓度变化对地浸初期前锋溶液渗流的反应灵敏而精准,是判断CO_2+O_2中性地浸最初阶段溶液前锋运移理想的天然示踪剂。地浸初期Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的碳酸盐都处于过饱和状态,其运移滞后于溶液渗流并与pH的变化密切同步。渗流模拟、水文地球化学模式计算结果以及实际水化学监测数据之间存在良好的互证性,这些方法的综合应用可使地浸流场分析更为客观和可靠。