Dynamics of CO2 adsorption on sodium oxide promoted alumina in a packed-bed reactor

CO₂ adsorption in packed-bed reactors has potential applications in flue gas CO₂ capture and adsorption enhanced reaction processes. This work focuses on CO₂ adsorption dynamics on sodium oxide promoted alumina in a packed-bed reactor. A comprehensive model is developed to describe the coupled transport phenomena and is solved using orthogonal collocation on finite elements. The model predicted breakthrough curve matches very well with experimental data obtained from a pilot-scale packed-bed reactor. Several dimensionless parameters are also derived to explain the shape of the breakthrough curve.     

离心式压缩机防喘振技术应用

喘振是严重影响离心式压缩机安全、经济运行的重要问题之一。引起压缩机喘振的因素很多,而压缩机防喘振控制系统所使用的喘振曲线是根据设计给出的几个点的坐标绘制而成,往往与压缩机现场实际操作条件存在差异,照此理论曲线控制压缩机的运行,可能导致压缩机不能安全、经济运行。所以要想获得一个与现场实际运行相匹配的防喘振曲线,在有条件的情况下,应通过对压缩机性能曲线现场实测来获得,依照实际获得的喘振曲线来进行防喘振控制。     

OptimalParameters of Response Surface Methodology for Preparation of Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retardant

The yield of magnesium hydroxide was investigated via response surface methodology using bischofite and aqueous ammonia as raw materials. The experimental results indicated that the effects of reaction temperature, magnesium ion and aqueous ammonia concentrations on the yield of magnesium hydroxide gradually decreased. In particular, reaction temperature and magnesium ion concentration had a significant influence on the yield. After the regression and fitting of the response value and each factor, the regression equation was obtained. As proven by experiments, the predicted value and actual value showed a good fit. The products of the center experiment were characterized by particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the morphology is irregular and shows a lamellar structure. The particles have a narrow size distribution ranging from 0.64 to 0.68 mm of D50 size. The difference in particle size of D10 and D90 is less than 0.91 mm, and the purity very high.     

Preparation and characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from cotton stalk using microwave heating

BACKGROUND: This paper describes the use of cotton stalk, an agricultural waste, for the preparation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) using microwave heating. The study includes the optimization of pre‐treatment and preparation processes, and the characterization of product. RESULTS: The optimal cotton stalk pre‐treatment condition involved the addition of 12% alkali to extract cellulose for 6 min at a microwave power of 200 W using the ratio of cotton stalk to solvent 1:9, giving 87.52% cellulose. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the preparation of CMC, with the best conditions for preparation predicted by the model: $m_{\rm {cotton stalk cellulose}}:m_{\rm {sodium hydroxide}}:m_{\rm {sodium chloroacetate}} = {1.0:1.1:1.2}$ with etherification at 195.5 W of microwave power for 1.97 min. Under these conditions, CMC with degree of substitution (DS) 0.77, viscosity 498.0 cps and purity 92% was produced. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy indicated that the product had the characteristics of a high DS. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the particles were nearly clava in shape with length ranging from about 12–100 µm. The product met the quality standards of GB/T1904‐2005. CONCLUSION: Preparation of CMC from cotton stalk using microwave heating can shorten the processing time and may be considered a feasible alternative, contributing to solving environmental problems resulting from cotton stalk. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cu/Al2O3催化剂用于H2O2分解生成羟基自由基的效率

非均相Fenton催化反应是降解废水中有机污染物的有效方法。提高H₂O₂分解生成羟基自由基（·OH）的利用率是提升废水处理效率、降低成本的关键。使用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Cu/Al₂O₃催化剂,基于·OH的生成效率,通过单因素实验发现反应温度、反应溶液pH及H₂O₂初始浓度是决定H₂O₂利用率的主要因素。通过响应面法进行实验设计,分析响应面方程,考察了H₂O₂初始浓度、溶液pH及反应温度三个因素之间的交互作用及其对反应过程的影响。以H₂O₂利用率的最大化为目标优化反应条件,当H₂O₂初始浓度、溶液pH及反应温度分别为707 mg·L^-1、5.12及59.4℃时,H₂O₂利用率可高达0.57,与实验结果相对误差仅为3.5%。所得结果对降低废水处理成本、提高降解效率具有重要的指导作用。     

A novel method of unburned hydrocarbons and NOx gases capture from vehicular exhaust using natural biosorbent

Automobile emissions are composed of NO_x and unburned hydrocarbon that contribute significantly to major environmental and health issues. In this study, encapsulated Moringa oleifera beads (EMBs) were synthesized using Moringa oleifera pod powder that was cross-linked with calcium alginate and used as a biosorbent for reducing the emission gas concentrations from the single-cylinder diesel engine. The breakthrough curve was attained from single and double stage of fixed bed column by the influence of temperature ranging from (80°C–120°C) ± 5°C with a feed flow rate varying from 8 to 10 kg hr^–1 and bed height varying from 15 to 30 cm. Based on the experimental results, the maximum biosorption capacity (q_o) was found to be 14.45 and 123.51 mg g^–1 for HC and NO_x, respectively, and was obtained at 80°C–90°C with double stage of BH–30cm under flow rate of 8 kg hr^–1. Further, breakthrough curves were investigated, and the experimental data were fitted using well-established models like Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, and Wang models. In addition, mass transfer models like Weber–Morris and Boyd were investigated to identify the rate-limiting step of the overall biosorption process.     

Pt/SAPO-11-mp 催化棕榈油制航空煤油一步加氢的响应面优化

以棕榈油为原料,Pt/SAPO-11-mp为催化剂,在高压微型固定床反应器中一步加氢制生物航空煤油。在单因素实验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计响应面法考察了温度、压力、空速、氢油比(氢气与棕榈油体积的比,下同)对C8~C16烃的选择性影响。得到最优反应条件为:温度382.2℃,压力3.9 MPa,空速1.2 h–1,氢油比911.0。结合实际,在最优条件下重复3次验证实验,C8~C16烃的选择性为44.9%,C8~C16异构烷烃的选择性为27.9%。     

一种改进的火电厂耗煤特性曲线拟合方法

采用一般最小二乘法拟合耗煤特性曲线可能出现微增率曲线非单调上现象，这给经济调度计算带来困难。本提出一种考虑了决定微增率曲线单调性的等式约束的加权最小二乘法。实际算例表明，使用该方法可以有效地解决耗煤微增率曲线的单调性问题，同时具有令人满意的拟合精度。     

电力系统暂态波形分析方法

本文介绍利用非线性最小二乘优化法进行电力系统暂态波形分析的基本原理，改进了各个分量参数初始值的计算方法，提出首先采用快速高精度频谱分析方法（ＦＡＦＴ）求出暂态波形中各个分量的角频率和衰减常数，再利用曲线拟合方法求出各个分量的幅值和初相角，算例表明；本文方法较现有的其它方法大幅度提高了计算精度和收敛速度。     

光谱仪器测试参数对测试结果的影响

光谱仪器测试参数，如狭窄宽度，扫描速率和响应时间等对光谱测试精度例如测光精度（透过率或反射率）、波长精度和光谱分辨率等有很大的影响，本文利用Ｌａｍｂｄａ９高精度分光光度计和窄带滤光片进行了多种仪器测试参数条件下的测试实验研究，给出了测试参数对测量结果影响的规律、如何选择最佳测试参数实现准确测量及如何弥补修正的方法。