Fluid Biomarkers in HPV and Non-HPV Related Oropharyngeal Carcinomas: From Diagnosis and Monitoring to Prognostication—A Systematic Review

Biomarkers are crucial in oncology, from detection and monitoring to guiding management and predicting treatment outcomes. Histological assessment of tissue biopsies is currently the gold standard for oropharyngeal cancers, but is technically demanding, invasive, and expensive. This systematic review aims to review current markers that are detectable in biofluids, which offer promising non-invasive alternatives in oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPCs). A total of 174 clinical trials from the PubMed search engine in the last 5 years were identified and screened by 4 independent reviewers. From these, 38 eligible clinical trials were found and subsequently reviewed. The biomarkers involved, categorized by human papillomavirus (HPV)-status, were further divided according to molecular and cellular levels. Recent trials investigating biomarkers for both HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPCs have approaches from various levels and different biofluids including plasma, oropharyngeal swabs, and oral rinse. Promising candidates have been found to aid in detection, staging, and predicting prognosis, in addition to well-established factors including HPV-status, drinking and smoking status. These studies also emphasize the possibility of enhancing prediction results and increasing statistical significance by multivariate analyses. Liquid biopsies offer promising assistance in enhancing personalized medicine for cancer treatment, from lowering barriers towards early screening, to facilitating de-escalation of treatment. However, further research is needed, and the combination of liquid biopsies with pre-existing methods, including in vivo imaging and invasive techniques such as neck dissections, could also be explored in future trials.     

eDNA,Amyloid Fibers and Membrane Vesicles Identified in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 Biofilms

Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 is a model soil- and plant-associated bacterium capable of forming a variety of air–liquid interface biofilms in experimental microcosms and on plant surfaces. Previous investigations have shown that cellulose is the primary structural matrix component in the robust and well-attached Wrinkly Spreader biofilm, as well as in the fragile Viscous Mass biofilm. Here, we demonstrate that both biofilms include extracellular DNA (eDNA) which can be visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), quantified by absorbance measurements, and degraded by DNase I treatment. This eDNA plays an important role in cell attachment and biofilm development. However, exogenous high-molecular-weight DNA appears to decrease the strength and attachment levels of mature Wrinkly Spreader biofilms, whereas low-molecular-weight DNA appears to have little effect. Further investigation with CLSM using an amyloid-specific fluorophore suggests that the Wrinkly Spreader biofilm might also include Fap fibers, which might be involved in attachment and contribute to biofilm strength. The robust nature of the Wrinkly Spreader biofilm also allowed us, using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, to identify matrix-associated proteins unable to diffuse out of the structure, as well as membrane vesicles which had a different protein profile compared to the matrix-associated proteins. CLSM and DNase I treatment suggest that some vesicles were also associated with eDNA. These findings add to our understanding of the matrix components in this model pseudomonad, and, as found in other biofilms, biofilm-specific products and material from lysed cells contribute to these structures through a range of complex interactions.     

Circulating Small EVs miRNAs as Predictors of Pathological Response to Neo-Adjuvant Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients

Neo-adjuvant therapy (NAT) is increasingly used in the clinic for the treatment of breast cancer (BC). Pathological response to NAT has been associated with improved patients’ survival; however, the current techniques employed for assessing the tumor response have significant limitations. Small EVs (sEVs)-encapsulated miRNAs have emerged as promising new biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction. Therefore, our study aims to explore the predictive value of these miRNAs for the pathological response to NAT in BC. By employing bioinformatic tools, we selected a set of miRNAs and evaluated their expression in plasma sEVs and BC biopsies. Twelve miRNAs were identified in sEVs, of which, miR-21-5p, 221-3p, 146a-5p and 26a-5p were significantly associated with the Miller–Payne (MP) pathological response to NAT. Moreover, miR-21-5p, 146a-5p, 26a-5p and miR-24-3p were independent as predictors of MP response to NAT. However, the expression of these miRNAs showed no correlation between sEVs and tissue samples, indicating that the mechanisms of miRNA sorting into sEVs still needs to be elucidated. Functional analysis of miRNA target genes and drug interactions revealed that candidate miRNAs and their targets, can be regulated by different NAT regimens. This evidence supports their role in governing the patients’ therapy response and highlights their potential use as prediction biomarkers.     

Development and Comprehensive Characteristics of Thermosensitive Liquid Suppositories of Metoprolol Based on Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles

Thermosensitive liquid suppositories (LSs) carrying the model antihypertensive drug metoprolol tartrate (MT) were developed and evaluated. The fundamental purpose of this work was to produce, for the first time, liquid MT suppositories based on biodegradable nanoparticles and optimize their rheological and mechanical properties for prospective rectal administration. The nanoparticle system was based on a biodegradable copolymer synthesized by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of glycolide (GL) and L,L-lactide (LLA). Biodegradable nanoparticles loaded with the model drug were produced by the o/o method at the first stage of the investigation. Depending on the concentration of the drug in the sample, from 66 to 91% of MT was released over 12 h, according to first-order kinetics. Then, thermosensitive LSs with MT-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles were obtained by a cold method and their mechanical and rheological properties were evaluated. To adjust the thermogelling and mucoadhesive properties for rectal administration, the amounts of major formulation components such as poloxamers (P407, P188), Tween 80, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and sodium alginate were optimized. The in vitro release results revealed that more than 80% of the MT was released after 12 h, following also first-order kinetics. It was discovered that the diffusion process was dominant. The drug release profile was mainly governed by the rheological and mechanical properties of the developed formulation. Such a novel, thermosensitive formulation might be an effective alternative to hypertension treatment, particularly for unconscious patients, patients with mental illnesses, geriatric patients, and children.     

Performance Analysis of a HT-PEMFC System with 6FPBI Membranes Doped with Cross-Linkable Polymeric Ionic Liquid

In this paper, a high-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) system using fluorine-containing polybenzimidazole (6FPBI) composite membranes doped with cross-linkable polymer ionic liquid (cPIL) is developed and studied. The reliability of the model is verified by a comparison with the experimental data. The performance of the HT-PEMFC system using 6FPBI membranes with different levels of cPIL is analyzed. The results show that when the HT-PEMFC uses 6FPBI membranes with a cPIL content of 20 wt % (6FPBI-cPIL 20 membranes), the single cell power density is 4952.3 W·m−2. The excessive cPIL content will lead to HT-PEMFC performance degradation. The HT-PEMFC system using the 6FPBI-cPIL 20 membranes shows a higher performance, even at higher temperatures and pressures, than the systems using 6FPBI membranes. In addition, the parametric study results suggest that the HT-PEMFC system should be operated at a higher inlet temperature and hydrogen pressure to increase system output power and efficiency. The oxygen inlet pressure should be reduced to decrease the power consumption of the ancillary equipment and improve system efficiency. The proposed model can provide a prediction for the performance of HT-PEMFC systems with the application of phosphoric-acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) membranes.     

QuEChERS法结合高效液相色谱-高分辨飞行时间质谱测定食用贝类产品中4种脂溶性贝类毒素

建立了Qu ECh ERS净化技术结合高效液相色谱-高分辨飞行时间质谱法测定食用贝类产品中4种脂溶性贝类毒素（Okadaic Acid,OA、Spirolides1,SPX1、Dinophysistoxin1,DTX1、Azaspiracid1,AZA1）的快速方法。以Qu ECh ERS净化技术对食用贝类样品进行提取与净化后,经C18色谱柱分离,用高分辨飞行时间质谱仪（ESI源）进行测定。用Peak View软件对分析结果进行全智能分析,对照每个样品与标准品的TOF-MS质量精度及同位素分布情况、保留时间以及TOF-MS/MS谱图,对化合物作出定性判断。同时利用Multi Quant软件对四种毒素进行外标法定量,OA和DTX1的线性范围为2.0¹00μg/L,方法检出限为10μg/kg;AZA1和SPX1的线性范围为0.5²0μg/L,方法检出限为2.0μg/kg,相关系数（R2）均大于0.997。高、中、低三个添加水平的平均回收率在75.6%⁹4.1%之间,RSD小于10%。应用该方法对进出口的贻贝、北极贝、象拔蚌、牡蛎等20个样品进行检测,发现8个样品的SPX1和2个AZA1测定结果为阳性。该方法操作简便、高效快速、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于贝类产品中脂溶性贝类毒素的检测。      

琯溪蜜柚果汁树脂吸附脱苦前后酚类物质含量的测定

利用高效液相色谱法测定了琯溪蜜柚果汁酚类成分的含量,并研究了吸附脱苦对琯溪蜜柚果汁中酚类物质含量的影响。结果表明,琯溪蜜柚果汁中含有绿原酸、咖啡酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸、芸香苷和柚皮苷等六种酚类物质;用高效液相色谱法分析琯溪蜜柚果汁中酚类物质,它们的加标回收率均在85.0%¹03.6%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）均在0.48%².9%之间。经XAD-16树脂吸附脱苦后,柚汁中的香豆酸、阿魏酸、芸香苷等三种酚类成分已检测不到,而绿原酸、柚皮苷和咖啡酸的损失率分别为97.2%、93.5%、87.9%,说明树脂吸附脱苦导致琯溪蜜柚汁中绿原酸、咖啡酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸、芸香苷和柚皮苷等六种酚类物质含量严重降低。      

高效液相色谱法同时测定食品接触材料水性模拟物中三聚氰胺和苯代三聚氰胺

建立了食品接触材料水性模拟物中三聚氰胺和苯代三聚氰胺的高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析方法。样品根据拟装食品类型不同,经水、3%（w/v）乙酸水溶液、4%（v/v）乙酸水溶液、10%（v/v）乙醇水溶液、20%（v/v）乙醇水溶液或50%（v/v）乙醇水溶液6种不同水性模拟物提取,0.45μm滤膜过滤后直接由高效液相色谱分析。色谱分离采用强阳离子交换与反相C18混合填料分析柱（混合比例1∶4）,柱温35℃,流动相为乙腈-20mmol/L乙酸铵缓冲溶液（pH3.0）（40∶60,v/v）,流速为0.2mL/min,检测波长为240nm。结果表明:在优化的条件下,三聚氰胺和苯代三聚氰胺标准品在0.2²0mg/L浓度范围内,线性相关系数为0.9997⁰.9999,方法定量限（S/N>10）为0.015⁰.033mg/dm2。在0.025⁰.70mg/dm2三个水平加标测试,平均回收率在80.0%¹03.3%之间,相对标准偏差（n=6）为0.5%⁴.0%。该方法前处理简单、分析速度快,可用于食品接触材料水性模拟物中三聚氰胺和苯代三聚氰胺的同时检测。      

MgO含量对CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO熔渣中液态相影响的模拟

运用Factsage软件模拟了MgO含量对CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-MgO熔渣中液相区的影响.结果表明,随着CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-MgO渣中MgO含量增加,渣中低熔点液相区整体向低CaO高SiO₂区移动.相图中1500℃液相区比例由0%MgO（质量分数）时的25.05%上升至9%MgO（质量分数）时的52.69%,而后降至15%MgO时的46.70%.相图中1400℃液相区比例由3%MgO时的14.41%上升至11%MgO时的34.39%,而后降至15%MgO时的31.04%.相图中1300℃液相区比例由5%MgO时的5.57%上升至14%MgO时的11.02%,而后降至15%MgO时的10.50%.相图中1200℃液相区域比例在MgO为0~6%时为零,由7%MgO时的0.88%上升至11%MgO时的1.22%,在MgO为13%~15%时降为零.模拟结果可对以CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-MgO为基本组元配置炼钢渣系的成分选择提供有效指导.     

通信电源用电池技术现状与发展趋势

根据目前已在通信电源领域得到应用的几种电池类型,介绍了铅蓄电池、锂离子电池、燃料电池、液流电池以及各种组合式电源系统等各类技术应用的现状的技术现状和应用情况,分析了以上各类通信电源用电池技术的发展趋势。