新型破乳-助排剂的研制及其在吉林油田的应用

储层压裂改造是低渗透油气藏增产的重要技术,压裂后使地层中的滤液及时返排能够降低油气流动阻力,增加油气井产量,压裂液的压后返排率的高低直接影响压裂增产效果。目前采用添加破乳剂和助排剂的方法提高返排率。为了降低成本、减少伤害,本文通过对压裂液体系中的破乳剂、助排剂进行优化,筛选出新型破乳-助排剂。采用新型破乳-助排剂,达到一剂两效的作用。现场应用情况表明该技术效果良好。本文分析了破乳剂和助排剂的作用机理,以及新型破乳-助排剂的性能。     

Preparation Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan-Polyacrylic Acid-Modified Iron Sand Leachate for Proton Exchange Membranes

ABSTRACT

Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) of chitosan (Chi) and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)-modified iron sand leachate were prepared and considered for applicability as a proton exchange membrane in fuel cells. Chi-PAA-hematite blended in different weight ratios and the resulting membranes were treated to enable the formation of the polyelectrolyte. The membranes of Chi-PAA polyblend were treated using iron sand leachate and reveal high ion exchange capacity (IEC), proton conductivity, water uptake, and good mechanical stability. The result of research indicated that the membrane with 40 wt% of Chi and 60 wt% of PAA blend which its conductivity of 6.10 × 10^?2 S cm^?1 was potentially for a proton exchange membrane in fuel cell applications.     

考虑中主应力效应Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型的改进

针对Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型不能考虑中主应力影响,在Gudehus提出的响应包络线理论基础上,提出了在模型的非线性项乘以一个考虑中主应力的因子进行改进.这种改进增加了土体剪切时的强度,改变了土体受压时的变形.新模型对中主应力的变化在中主应力参数影响程度能够有一定反映.同时将改进后的模型与中主应力参数为常量的真三轴实验进行了比较.结果表明改进后的模型可以模拟中主应力对砂土强度和变形特性的影响,能够定量预测由于中主应力影响产生的体积应变.     

长北气田山2段小层砂体三维建模

鄂尔多斯盆地长北气田山西组2段为一套海相辫状河三角洲沉积体系,为揭示不同时期小层砂体发育规模及空间分布,以高分辨率层序地层分析为基础,相控建模为指导思想,短期基准面旋回为地层单元,等时地层格架为约束条件,采用序贯指示数学方法对长北气田山2段4个短期层序的水上分流河道、水下分流河道及河口坝微相小层砂体的发育规模及空间分布进行了随机模拟.砂体展布的三维模拟结果表明,河道自北向南沿物源方向延展,其中SSC1～SSC4短期基准面上升时期,河道加宽,小层砂体沉积厚度加大,物性较好,有利储层发育;下降时期河道变窄,小层砂体沉积厚度减小,物性变差.小层砂体的三维模拟结果在该区勘探实践中得到了很好的验证.     

Constitutive equations and finite element implementation of strain localization in sand deformation

A recently proposed model coupling with the solid-fluid of the saturated sand was utilized to study the deformation band. Based on the critical state plasticity model by Borja and Andrade, the hydraulic conductivity tensor was naturally treated as a function of the spatial discretization matrix about the displacement and the stress field, allowing a more realistic representation of the physical phenomenon. The fully Lagrangian form of the Darcy law was resolved by Piola algorithm, and then the flow law was gained, leading to the implementation of a modified model of the saturated sand. Then the criterion for the onset of localization was derived and utilized to detect instability. The constitutive model was implemented in a finite element program coded by FORTRAN, which was used to predict the formation and development of shear bands in plane strain compression of saturated sand. At last, the formation mechanism of the shear band was discussed. It is shown that the model works well, and the simulation sample bifurcates at 1.18% axial strain, which is in a good qualitative agreement with the experiment. The pore pressure greatly affects the onset and development of the deformation band, and it obviously increases around the localization-prone regions with the direction toward the outer side of the normal of the shear band, while the pore stress flows nearly horizontally and is distributed equally far away the shear band region. Foundation item: Project(2006G007-C) supported by the Foundation of the Science and Technology Section of Ministry of Railway of China; Project(77206) supported by the Excellent PhD Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University, China     

Prevention and forecasting of rock burst hazards in coal mines

Rock bursts signify extreme behavior in coal mine strata and severely threaten the safety of the lives of miners, as well as the effectiveness and productivity of miners. In our study, an elastic-plastic-brittle model for the deformation and failure of coal/rock was established through theoretical analyses, laboratory experiments and field testing, simulation and other means, which perfectly predict sudden and delayed rock bursts. Based on electromagnetic emission (EME), acoustic emission (AE) and microseism (MS) effects in the process from deformation until impact rupture of coal-rock combination samples, a multi-parameter identification of premonitory technology was formed, largely depending on these three forms of emission. Thus a system of classification for forecasting rock bursts in space and time was established. We have presented the intensity weakening theory for rock bursts and a strong-soft-strong (3S) structural model for controlling the impact on rock surrounding roadways, with the objective of laying a theoretical foundation and establishing references for parameters for the weakening control of rock bursts. For the purpose of prevention, key technical parameters of directional hydraulic fracturing are revealed. Based on these results, as well as those from deep-hole controlled blasting in coal seams and rock, integrated control techniques were established and anti-impact hydraulic props, suitable for roadways subject to hazards from rockbursts have also been developed. These technologies have been widely used in most coal mines in China, subject to these hazards and have achieved remarkable economic and social benefits.     

埕岛油田馆上段沉积砂体及其夹层分布特征

通过岩矿特征、剖面结构、砂岩粒度和砂体形态分析,认为埕岛油田馆陶组上段为曲流河沉积。按砂体发育特点和成因类型划分出主河道连片砂体、河道边缘连续窄带状砂体、天然堤断续带状砂体、决口水道扇形席状砂体及废弃河道成因的透镜状砂体等5种类型。在研究区383口井精细地质研究的基础上,从不同成因储油砂体角度总结出夹层分布特征。建立了储油砂体内夹层的空间分布模式：主河道砂体内夹层分布复杂,一般底部发育钙质夹层,中部多发育物性夹层,上部为泥质夹层;河道边缘砂体主要发育泥质夹层;决口扇砂体内泥质夹层分布稳定;天然堤和废弃河道仅发育极少的钙质夹层。     

夯扩挤密碎石桩处理液化砂土

目的 消除砂土液化,保证处理深度范围内地基土上下均匀,为液化砂土桩处理探索新的途径.方法 夯扩挤密碎石桩采用相同的夯击能量和贯入度控制桩体质量,以高能量施工设备进行孔内夯击填料,振动和挤密桩底和桩间土,使松散砂土颗粒重排,提高砂土的承载力和压缩模量.笔者对比分析夯扩挤密碎石桩在沿海高速路基工程上的应用实例.结果 采用夯扩挤密碎石桩复合加固地基,可提高砂层标贯锤击数30%,消除砂土液化现象,提高地基承载力,与振冲桩相比节省造价约20%.结论 夯扩挤密碎石桩方法工艺简单,施工质量易保证,节约水资源;夯扩挤密碎石桩对于公路路基工程,具有广阔的应用前景,开辟了处理砂土液化的新途径.     

人工砂高性能混凝土的配合比设计

以京沪高速铁路为工程背景,结合混凝土施工中河砂资源紧张的实际情况,进行了人工砂制备高性能混凝土的研究,研究了泥粉含量、用水量、砂率对混凝土性能的影响,采用矿物掺合料技术等高性能混凝土配合比技术,采用人工砂设计制备出了C30、C35高速铁路桩体、承台、墩身用高性能混凝土。对于人工砂在高速铁路工程混凝土中的应用具有指导意义。     

伊陕斜坡气田压裂施工中泵压异常的技术对策

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡气田压裂施工中在工作液、设备配合正常的情况下出现泵压异常升高的原因分析,采用降低施工泵压的工艺技术对策,解决了该区块压裂施工中泵压异常升高而发生砂堵的难题,确保了现场压裂施工的顺利进行,达到了对气层改造的目的。