高分子水处理剂的绿色化研究进展

简要介绍了近年来水处理领域在高分子水处理剂产品及生产工艺方面的绿色化研究进展状况。     

Surface and subsurface products of the interaction of O2 with Ag under catalytic conditions

Polycrystalline Ag treated with O₂ at pressures up to 1 bar and at temperatures up to 920 K was examined by TDS. It was found that the peak commonly observed at 595±25 K and assigned to adsorbed atomic oxygen (O_a) is shifted to higher desorption temperatures with rising dosing temperatures. Since saturation of the uptake was not possible either, this peak was identified as dissolved atomic oxygen (O_d). The existence of a maximum for the O₂ uptake after exposure at 820 K was found. Hence, under conditions of formaldehyde synthesis ( 920 K) the ability of the catalyst to dissolve oxygen is near its maximum.     

固体超强酸催化合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的研究

以固体超强酸ＳＯ４２－／ＴｉＯ２为催化剂，４Ａ分子筛作脱水剂，合成了对羟基苯甲酸乙酯。应用该方法，酯化反应产率高达８４％，同时对影响产率的诸因素进行了考察，其最佳反应条件为：醇酸摩尔比４∶１，催化剂用量９％，反应时间３ｈ，反应温度１１５～１３５℃。     

无破胶剂聚合物压裂液的研究

在合成了由短链分子聚合和交联的新型无破胶剂压裂液的基础上,考察了增稠剂浓度、交联剂用量对压裂液性能的影响,评价了新型无破胶剂压裂液的综合性能。结果表明,当增稠剂浓度在2.0%以上,交联剂浓度增加,液体的粘度迅速增大;无破胶剂压裂液在170 s-1的剪切速率下120 min后仍具有较好的剪切稀释性;新型无破胶剂压裂液与常规的胍胶相比,同样具有滤失量低的特点,在90℃下,压裂液仍有较好的携砂能力;其还具有表面活性剂清洁压裂液无残渣、易返排的特点。此外,该压裂使用方便,还可再生重复使用。     

多孔淀粉在内墙涂料中的应用

本用多孔淀粉和淀粉吸附天然除虫菊酯后加入内墙涂料，通过对两解吸附量、释放时间的比较，说明在内墙涂料中加入杀虫剂的可行性，同时也表明多孔淀粉作为一种新型的吸附和缓释剂，有着广泛的用途。     

化学接枝法制备腻子型吸水膨胀橡胶研究

吸水膨胀橡胶是一种新型的功能高分子材料,过去多用机械共混的方法制备,但是这种方法存在着反复使用性能差的缺点,针对这个问题,本实验采用过硫酸铵/硫代硫酸钠氧化还原引发体系,有效地使丙烯酸钠单体与天然胶乳接枝共聚,制备出吸水倍率相当高的腻子型吸水膨胀天然橡胶。实验结果表明:反应温度、引发剂用量对吸水倍率和接枝率有明显的影响,单体用量对吸水倍率影响较大;反复吸水能力基本保持不变。     

Synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent hydrogels composites based on polysuccinimide

A kind of novel superabsorbent hydrogel with high swelling ratio property that could be used for the development of water absorbing resin, soil water retention agent, and chemical sand‐fixing material was synthesized in this study. The hydrogels were prepared by the crosslinking reaction of polysuccinimide (PSI). The relationships between swelling ratio and volume of solvent as well as the concentration of crosslinking agent were investigated in detail. Several composites, such as starch, carrageenan, and polyacrylamide, were added into hydrogels to enhance the swelling ratio. It was found that the swelling ratio was significantly increased, which the maximum water absorbency was enhanced 2.46 times when the composite polyacrylamide (PAM) was added compared to the control. The effects of ionic strength and sensitivity of pH on hydrogels were also studied. The modified hydrogels products with swelling ratio less sensitivity to the salinity as well as relative high swelling ration in salinity system were also obtained by adding PAM. Through the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterizations, the crosslinking reaction mechanism and the structure of composite were proposed. In addition, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations showed that some composite materials elevated the physical crosslinked and connected channels density substantially. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 550–557, 2006     

颗粒活性炭的特性参数与吸附性能的关系试验

采用活性炭进行饮用水的深度处理,选择适合原水水质的活性炭至关重要,通过6种不同颗粒活性炭特性参数的测试,对饮用水有机物的吸附试验以及吸附等温线的测定,结果表明:针对颗粒活性炭的筛选,碘值,亚甲蓝值,吸附等温线的KF及斜率1/n值均不能单独作为评价筛选活性炭优劣的指标,而应综合考虑颗粒活性炭的孔径分布与原水中有机物的相对分子质量分布相匹配等。研究还表明:碘值,亚甲蓝值,吸附等温线的KF存在一定的相关性,从颗粒活性炭的特性参数和吸附性能参数可以推测活性炭滤柱试验吸附效果。颗粒活性炭用于饮用水深度处理,能去除水中相对分子质量小的有机物,处理的水量为颗粒活性炭体积的4800倍时,对CODMn的去除率为15%左右。     

Influence of the pH of Water on its Electron-Accepticity and Donicity

By means of contact angle measurements on dry layers of electrostatically neutral dextran with pure water (pH 6.1), water acidified with HCl (to pH 1.94) and water made alkaline with NaOH (to pH 12.8), it could be shown that there was essentially no change as a function of pH in the ratio of γ⁺/γ^- of water as compared with the aqueous acid and alkaline solutions. (Here γ⁺ is the Lewis acid parameter of the polar surface tension component of water and γ^- is its Lewis base parameter). In contrast, with contact angles measured with the same liquids on negatively charged clean glass, a significant decrease in contact angle was observed with water at pH 12.8, which was caused by the fact that at this alkaline pH an increase in surface hydrophilicity took place. This is because surfaces that have a given surface electrical potential at neutral pH generally acquire an even higher surface potential under more alkaline conditions which, concomitantly, also gives rise to an increase in surface hydrophilicity, and thus to lower contact angles with water. Finally, contact angles with acid water, pure water, and alkaline water, deposited on hydrophobic Parafilm surfaces, were exactly the same.     

超重力反应结晶法纳米碳酸钙浆料及粉料的表面处理

研究了脂肪酸盐A、水溶性铁酸酯偶联剂B（B1)以及铁酸酯偶联剂C对新型超重力反应结晶法所得的纳米CaCO3浆料及粉料的湿法表面处理的配方与工艺，确定了A体系的最佳改性时间为30～40min、改性温度为40～50℃、改性剂用量(质量分数)为3%～5％；B(B1)体系搅拌强度必须很高，改性时间30～40min，改性温度80℃左右，改性剂用量(质量分数)3％～5％；C体系的最佳改性时间为30～40min，改性剂用量(质量分数)为3％～5％。同时，采用红外光谱对改性前后的纳米碳酸钙进行了表征，表明改性刑已连接至CaCO3表面。最后，用分散稳定模型简要分析了改性机理。