Nongray radiation from gas and soot mixtures in planar plates based on statistical narrow-band spectral model

The nongray behavior of combustion products plays an important role in various areas of engineering. Based on the statistical narrow-band (SNB) spectral model with an exponential-tailed inverse intensity distribution and the ray-tracing method, a comprehensive investigation of the influence of soot on nongray radiation from mixtures containing H₂O/N₂+soot, CO₂/N₂+soot, or H₂O/CO₂/N₂+soot was conducted in this paper. In combustion applications, radiation transfer is significantly enhanced by soot due to its spectrally continuous emission. The effect of soot volume fraction up to 1×10^-6 on the source term, the narrow-band radiation intensities along a line-of-sight, and the net wall heat fluxes were investigated for a wide range of temperature. The effect of soot was significant and became increasingly drastic with the increase of soot loading.     

柴油机缸内碳烟颗粒形成过程与尺寸分布特性

采用了唯象的半经验碳烟排放模型,考虑了碳粒成核、表面成长、凝结和氧化的基本过程,模拟计算了柴油机缸内燃烧条件下缸内碳烟形成过程中的活性基核、碳粒核的生成规律及碳粒尺寸分布规律,并对碳烟排放进行了分析。计算结果表明:燃烧温度和混合物当量比对初始碳核的生成有很重要的影响,碳核粒子首先在活塞凹坑底部的浓混合区域生成,随燃烧的扩散过程,燃烧室中心位置和凹坑唇边挤流区相继出现较高浓度的基核,但存在浓度相位差,缸内不同位置生成碳粒数量和尺寸分布是不同的,不同尺寸范围的碳粒数量和质量之间存在对应关系。     

氧体积分数对乙烯扩散火焰中烟黑生成影响的实验

为了研究氧体积分数对扩散火焰中烟黑颗粒生长和聚合特性的影响,采用热泳沉积取样结合透射电子显微镜(TEM)图像,分析富氧和贫氧环境下乙烯/O2/N2扩散火焰中烟黑颗粒的粒径和颗粒凝聚体平均颗粒数,并采用激光消光法同步测量烟黑颗粒在火焰轴向和径向的体积分数分布.实验结果表明：对于乙烯扩散火焰,氧体积分数的增加,使火焰中心同一高度上的烟黑粒径和凝聚体平均颗粒数增大,进而引起烟黑体积分数增大,峰值位置前移;在火焰径向方向烟黑颗粒分布向中心收缩,边缘位置烟黑体积分数增大.对于本文讨论的扩散火焰,氧体积分数的增加对烟黑的生成具有促进作用,这对于火焰颗粒污染物的控制研究具有参考意义.     

汽油芳香烃含量对颗粒物排放及其微观理化特性的影响

基于国Ⅴ标准汽油,通过添加均三甲苯改变汽油中芳香烃的含量,在一台缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机台架上研究了汽油芳香烃含量对于GDI颗粒物(PM)排放及其微观理化特性的影响。研究结果表明:GDI PM排放随负荷增加而增加,在中低转速范围内随转速增加而降低;在高负荷下,芳香烃含量的增加会显著增加PM的排放并降低PM的氧化活性;芳香烃含量的增加促使PM前驱物增加,同时使碳层结构石墨化程度更高,阻止PM的二次氧化,从而增加了PM的排放。     

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with Diesel Premixed Compression Ignition and exhaust gas recirculation

In the present work, diesel was used as a premixed fuel along with the conventional injection of diesel with a premixed ratio of 0.25. The premixed charge was burned in the cylinder along with the fuel directly injected into the cylinder by a conventional injection system. To control nitrogen oxide(s) (NO_x) emissions, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) was adopted and the exhaust gas was varied from 10% to 30% in steps of 10%. The performance and emission characteristics were compared with conventional 100% diesel injection in the main chamber. Based on the experiments conducted on a Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) engine, it was found that unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and soot emissions increase. Soot emission decreases with up to 20% EGR and increases when EGR was increased beyond 20%. Hence 20% EGR was found to be the optimum use for DPMCI mode with a premixed ratio of 0.25. Due to the lean operation, significant reduction in NO_x was achieved with the DPMCI combustion mode. Brake thermal efficiency was marginally decreased compared to CIDI mode.     

High-throughput approach to the catalytic combustion of diesel soot

A methodology for the evaluation of diesel soot oxidation catalysts by high-throughput (HT) screening was developed. The optimal experimental conditions (soot amount, catalyst/soot ratio, type of contact, composition and flow rate of gas reactants) ensuring a reliable and reproducible detection of light-off temperatures in a 16 parallel channels reactor were set up. The temperature profile measured in the catalyst/soot bed under TPO conditions when the exothermic combustion of soot takes place was shown to provide an accurate measurement of the ignition. Its reproducibility and relevance were checked. The results obtained with a reference noble metal free catalyst (La_0.8Cr_0.8Li_0.2O₃ perovskite) agree very well with literature data. Qualitative mechanistic features could be derived from these experiments, stressing the likely limiting step of oxygen transfer from catalyst surface to soot particulates to ignite the soot combustion. Ceria material was shown to be more appropriate than perovskite one. From an HT screening of a large diverse library (over 100 mixed oxides catalysts) under optimized conditions, about 10 new formulations were found to perform better than selected noble metal free reference materials.     

含CeO2催化剂用于柴油车尾气炭烟氧化的研究

采用共沉淀法合成含CeO₂催化剂M-Ce-O（M＝Fe、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Mn）和纯CeO₂,对催化剂进行TPO活性测试及BET、XRD、FT-IR和H2 -TPR表征。结果表明,在Ce中添加过渡金属,改变了CeO₂的晶相结构,比表面积增大,催化剂促进炭烟的燃烧,其促进炭烟氧化的活性顺序为：Ni-Ce-O＞Mn-Ce-O＞Cu-Ce-O＞Fe-Ce-O＞Ce-O＞Co-Ce-O＞Zn-Ce-O,其中,Ni-Ce-O表现出较高的活性,对应起燃温度降至340 ℃。TPR表明,催化活性与500 ℃以下的表面可还原氧量相关。     

Oxidation of carbon by CeO2: Effect of the contact between carbon and catalyst particles

The oxidation of carbon black, CB, in presence of CeO₂ is investigated to gain a better understanding of the effect of the contact between the two solids during this reaction. Different CB/CeO₂ mixtures are tested in a fixed bed reactor. The experimental data are used to propose a model for CB oxidation in presence of CeO₂. It accounts for the size distribution of CeO₂ particles, the contact area between CB and CeO₂, the mass of CB in the sample and the initial ratio CB/CeO₂. Corresponding kinetic parameters are determined.     

煤质及粒度对层燃过程燃烧特性影响的研究

通过对煤在层燃锅炉中燃烧性能的测定,研究煤变质程度和粒度对煤炭燃烧过程中烟尘排放浓度、着火时间、燃烬时间、燃烧火焰长度、灰渣含碳量的影响规律。为降低层燃锅炉中煤炭燃烧细微颗粒物的排放、有效提高不同煤质的清洁、高效利用提供理论依据。     

Asymptotic analysis soot model and experiment for a directed injection engine

The existing soot models are either too complex and can not be applied to the internal combustion engine, or too simple to make calculation errors. Exploring the soot model becomes the pursuit of the goal of many researchers within the error range in the current computer speed. On the basis of the latest experimental results, TP (temperature phases) model is presented as a new soot model to carry out optimization calculation for a high-pressure common rail diesel engine. Temperature and excess air factor are the most important two parameters in this model. When zone temperature T?1 500 K and excess air factor Ф?0.6, only the soot precursors-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) is created and there is no soot emission. When zone temperature T ≥ 1 500 K and excess air factor Ф?0.6, PAHs and soot source terms (particle inception, surface growth, oxidation, coagulation) are calculated. The TP model is then implemented in KIVA code instead of original model to carry out optimizing. KIVA standard model and experimental data are analyzed for the results of cylinder pressures, the corresponding heat release rates, and soot with variation of injection time, variation of rail pressure and variation of speed among TP models. The experimental results indicate that the TP model can carry out optimization and computational fluid dynamics can be a tool to calculate for a high-pressure common rail directed injection diesel engine. The TP model result is closer than the use of the original KIVA-3V results of soot model accuracy by about 50% and TP model gives a new method for engine researchers.