海上石油设施溢油防治技术

海上石油设施是海洋环境污染的重要危险源。叙述了防止溢油事故发生、降低溢油危害可采取的技术和管理措施,包括提高海洋石油设施的安全技术水平;建立安全管理体系,加强管理和维护;完善溢油应急计划和组织系统;溢油轨迹监控和溢油处理等。     

Porous Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup: A Review of Synthesis and Absorbing Properties

This paper reviews the synthesis and the absorbing properties of the wide variety of porous sorbent materials that have been studied for application in the removal of organics, particularly in the area of oil spill cleanup. The discussion is especially focused on hydrophobic silica aerogels, zeolites, organoclays and natural sorbents many of which have been demonstrated to exhibit (or show potential to exhibit) excellent oil absorption properties. The areas for further development of some of these materials are identified.     

Evaluation of biodiesel as bioremediation agent for the treatment of the shore affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige

The efficiency of different bioremediation products (nutrients, microorganisms and biodiesel) was tested using tiles located in both the supra-littoral and intertidal zones of a beach that was affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige. Neither nutrients nor microorganisms meant an improvement with respect to the natural processes. The addition of biodiesel improved the appearance of the treated tiles and apparently accelerated the degradation of the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of the residual fuel oil. Nevertheless, PAHs degradation was similar and very high in all the treatments (80-85% after 60 days). On the other hand, the evolution with time of the amount of vanadium was similar to that of 17alpha(H),21beta(H)-hopane, so it was concluded that vanadium could also be used to estimate the extent of oil degradation in the field. These results also suggested that the residual fuel oil mineralization was very low throughout 1 year in all the treatments. Moreover, the increase of the oxygen content of the residual oil from around 1% till 4-8% indicated that the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons took place, and that the hydrocarbon oxidation products accumulated in the polar fractions. In general, the results pointed out that bioremediation techniques were not suitable for the recovery of shores affected by heavy oil spills.     

Surveillance of hazardous substances releases due to system interruptions, 2002

The Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system collected information on 9014 acute hazardous substance releases in 15 participating states in 2002. There were 3749 fixed-facility manufacturing events, of which 2100 involved "interruptions" to normal processing and 1649 "comparisons" that did not involve interruption. Equipment failure (69%) or intentional acts (20%) were the main root factor. Many events occurred in October and November in three states (Texas, Louisiana, and New Jersey), in three manufacturing industries (industrial and miscellaneous chemicals; petroleum refining; and plastics, synthetics, and resins). In interruption events, the substance categories most often released were mixtures, other inorganic substances, and volatile organic compounds and those most often causing injury were acids, chlorine, bases, and ammonia. Comparison events resulted in more acutely injured persons (408 versus 59) and more evacuees (11,318 versus 335) than interruption events and therefore may receive more public health attention. Because of the large number of interruption events, targeted prevention activities, including management of change procedures, lessons-learned implementation, process hazards analysis, and appropriate protection for workers could be economically advantageous and improve environmental quality. Efforts should focus on the identified areas of greater occurrence. The relationship of weather and equipment failure with interruption events needs further investigation.     

砂子粒径对流淌火蔓延及燃烧特性的影响

为探究砂子粒径对流淌火的影响,设计并搭建了流淌火试验平台,试验研究砂子粒径和泄漏速率对流淌火燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：不同粒径砂子流淌火有明显的燃烧阶段性特征,砂子粒径较粗时燃烧过程有蔓延阶段、收缩阶段、稳定阶段、维持阶段和熄灭阶段5个阶段,而砂子粒径较细时没有收缩阶段。稳定燃烧面积随着泄漏速率和砂子粒径的增大而增大,但稳定燃烧速率随着砂子粒径的增大而减小。不同泄漏速率流淌火的平均稳定线燃烧速率约为0.122 mm/s。     

压缩空气泡沫扑灭变压器全液面溢油火灾试验研究

从变压器溢油火灾的产生原因出发,开展压缩空气泡沫灭变压器全液面溢油火的缩尺实验,对压缩空气泡沫喷淋系统和泡沫枪两种灭火方式进行了研究,考察了压缩空气泡沫扑灭此类火灾的优势以及火灾变化规律。研究表明,成膜型压缩空气泡沫扑灭变压器全液面溢油火是有效的,能够在高温油面形成稳定覆盖层,防止沸溢喷溅;冷却降温是灭火的关键因素,将油温降低到燃点以下,可扑灭溢油火灾并防止发生复燃。     

Preparation of open‐cell foams from polymer blends by supercritical CO2 and their efficient oil‐absorbing performance

This letter reports on the hydrophobicity and oleophilicity of open‐cell foams from polymer blends prepared by supercritical CO₂. A typical bulk density of the foam is measured to be 0.05 g/cm³. The contact angle of the foam with water is determined to be 139.2°. The foam can selectively absorb the diesel from water with the uptake capacity of 17.0 g/g. The foams are technologically promising for application of oil spill cleanup. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4182–4185, 2016     

Feasibility Study on the Analysis of MOX Particle Behavior

A plenty of plutonium is dealt in Plutonium Fuel Fabrication Facility and the facility is required to confine plutonium within a limited space such as glove box (GB) because plutonium is a-emitter and causes an internal exposure. The MOX particles entrainment occurs and some of them are transiting to the outlet of GB without deposition to floor and wall. The entraining rate and the transiting rate are reported as Airborne Release Fraction (ARF) and Respirable Fraction (RF) in the literatures. However, no activities of model development and analytical approach have been found for ARF and RF. Thus, a feasibility study is done in this paper on the behavior of MOX particles in GB such as entraining and transiting. A modeling code has been developed by improving AQUA-SF code and the RF values for abnormal occurrences, such as free-fall spill, outflow and fire, have been analyzed and compared with those reported. This paper also shows the analytical results of the improved code together with the simulated experimental results. It is found that the calculated values are almost corresponded to those reported and that the improved code can estimate MOX particle behavior in GB well.     

不封闭气藏建库库容设计

库容是衡量天然气地下储气库调峰能力的重要指标,是储气库工作气量、单井能力等指标设计的基础,准确计算储气库库容至关重要。,国内外目前储气库库容计算主要采用压降法等动态方法。气藏类型多为封闭性较好构造油气藏．榆林气田南区储气库为岩性气藏,其北部与长北合作区连通。借鉴国际上关于矿权的常规处理手段,计划在榆林南距长北一定距离建设储气库,为此需要开展榆林南区岩性气藏局部建设储气库库容优化设计研究。文中针对上述情况,采用压降法、产量不稳定分析法对榆林南区动储量进行计算,并通过气藏工程、数值模拟方法及现场压力传播干扰试验,研究了不同渗透率情况下的压力传播速度;在此基础上,对不同注采周期库区范围及库容进行了优化设计,为榆林南储气库防止气体溢漏及相关指标设计提供了基础依据．     

Oil spill cleanup from sea water by carbon nanotube sponges

Oil spills in the sea have caused many serious environmental problems worldwide. In this study, carbon nanotube (CNT) sponges were used to cleanup oil slicks on sea waters. This method was compared with two traditional representative sorbents, including polypropylene fiber fabric and woolen felt. The CNT sponges had a larger oil sorption capacity than the other two sorbents. The maximum oil sorption capacity (Q_m) of the CNT sponge was 92.30 g/g, which was 12 to 13.5 times larger than the Q_m of the other two sorbents (the Q_m of the polypropylene fiber fabric and woolen felt were 7.45 and 6.74 g/g, respectively). In addition, unlike the other two sorbents, the CNT sponge was super-hydrophobic and did not adsorb any water during oil spill cleanup. CNT sponges are potentially very useful for cleaning up oil spills from sea water.