用相平衡理论研究微乳液的形成机理

对水、油、表面活性剂形成的微乳液 ,按三元正规溶液的相平衡理论 ,提出了微乳液的形成机理 ,分析了第三组份的加入对界面双液层的影响 ,从而得到微乳液的形成条件 ,以及确定微乳液各组份互量比的相平衡方法 ,揭示了微乳液增溶理论的本质。     

有机概念图在核壳微乳液聚合中的应用

实验以丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸、苯乙烯、可聚合型乳化剂等为原料,以种子微乳液聚合法制备了核壳型苯丙微乳液。利用有机概念图选择微乳液聚合用乳化剂,选用高效乳化剂MS-1(壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚-2-磺酸基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐)和聚合型乳化剂复配,在复配比为6:2,用量为体系的2.4%时,合成粒径为47.24 nm、吸水率8.09%的苯丙微乳液。探讨不同乳化剂配比对乳液性能和涂膜性能的影响,实验结果表明,当复合乳化剂(α角分别为72.98°和72.63°)与聚合体系(α角为72.91°)的α角(I/O值)相匹配时,得到性能较好的苯丙微乳液。     

智能微反应器理论在合成润滑油清净剂中的应用

以石油磺酸铵为原料制备了高碱值的石油磺酸镁润滑油清净剂。结合智能微反应器理论中的渗透反应机理,论述了若干主要因素对其碳酸化反应的影响规律,包括:碳酸化反应温度、碳酸化反应时间、搅拌速度等。结果表明,在40～50℃,反应时间3 h和较快的搅拌速度下才能制备出高碱值润滑油清净剂;"冷冻蚀刻"电镜观测表明,产物中含有平均粒径约40 nm的碳酸盐微粒。用智能微反应器理论可加深对工艺的理解,从而控制好产物的质量。     

In-vitro and in-vivo comparison of T-OA microemulsions and solid dispersions based on EPDC

The goal of this study was to enhance the absorption of a new water-insoluble antitumor lead compound, T-OA (3β-hydroxyolea-12-en-28-oic acid-3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazin-2-methyl ester). Early-stage preparation discovery concept (EPDC) was employed in this study. Based on this concept, a microemulsion system was chosen as the method of improving bioavailability. The solubility of T-OA was checked in different oils, surfactants and cosurfactants. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to evaluate the microemulsion domain. Developed high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine drug content. The transparent o/w microemulsion formulation composed of oleic acid (oil), Tween 80 (surfactant), ethanol (co-surfactant) and water enhanced the solubility of T-OA up to 20?mg/mL. It was characterized in terms of appearance, content, viscosity, zeta potential, conductivity, morphology and particle size. The particle size distribution, viscosity, conductivity and zeta potential were found to be 70?nm, 15.57?MPa?s, 44.1?μS?cm^?1 and ?0.174, respectively. Oral bioavailability of T-OA microemulsion and oleic acid solution were checked by using rat model. Contrast to the solid dispersion and proto drug, the area-under-the-curve (AUC) of T-OA microemulsion and oleic acid solution were significantly enhanced. The relative bioavailability of T-OA microemulsion was found to be 5654.7%, which is 57-fold higher than the pure drug. Improved T-OA solubility in microemulsion was found sustained 48?h in dilution study. While the solid dispersion may precipitate under the gastrointestinal circumstance based on dilution results. The in-vivo and in-vitro results indicated that, compare to improve the solubility, it is more important to maintain and prolong the T-OA dissolved status, for improvement of the in-vivo absorption.     

Development of a solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for solubility enhancement of naproxen

Context: Comparative evaluation of liquid and solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) as promising approaches for solubility enhancement.

Objective: The aim of this work was to develop, characterize, and evaluate a solid SMEDDS prepared via spray-drying of a liquid SMEDDS based on Gelucire® 44/14 to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of naproxen.

Material and methods: Various oils and co-surfactants in combination with Gelucire® 44/14 were evaluated during excipient selection study, solubility testing, and construction of (pseudo)ternary diagrams. The selected system was further evaluated for naproxen solubility, self-microemulsification ability, and in vitro dissolution of naproxen. In addition, its transformation into a solid SMEDDS by spray-drying using maltodextrin as a solid carrier was performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the physical characteristics of the solid SMEDDS obtained.

Results: The selected formulation of SMEDDS was comprised of Miglyol 812®, Peceol?, Gelucire® 44/14, and Solutol® HS 15. The liquid and solid SMEDDS formed a microemulsion after dilution with comparable average droplet size and exhibited uniform droplet size distribution. In the solid SMEDDS, liquid SMEDDS was adsorbed onto the surface of maltodextrin and formed smooth granular particles with the encapsulated drug predominantly in a dissolved state and partially in an amorphous state. Overall, incorporation of naproxen in SMEDDS, either liquid or solid, resulted in improved solubility and dissolution rate compared to pure naproxen.

Conclusion: This study indicates that a liquid and solid SMEDDS is a strategy for solubility enhancement in the future development of orally delivered dosage forms.     

Influence of the characteristics of a water-in-CO2 microemulsion on the separation of metal species

In this study, AOT [sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate] combined with fluorinated cosurfactant or alcohol was used to form a water-in-CO₂ (W/C) microemulsion. The amount of water uptake in the microemulsion was closely related to the PFPE-PO₄/AOT (P/A) ratio. The stability of the microemulsion decreased with the amount of water. Lower temperature and higher pressure stabilize W/C microemulsions. The extraction efficiencies of metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Zn), when this W/C microemulsion method was used, exceeded 90% (AOT + octanol). The efficiencies for the extraction of Eu, La, and Sr could exceed 94% (AOT + PFPE-PO₄) in sc-CO_2.     

微乳法制备Pd-Cu双金属催化剂

选择Cu为助剂,采用微乳法分别优选具有较好稳定性的Cu和Pd微乳液体系,并将Cu和Pd依次负载于Al_2O_3载体上,经干燥、活化和还原制备了Pd-Cu/Al_2O_3催化剂。采用原位IR、CO化学吸附和HRTEM等对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,与常规溶液负载法制备的Pd-Ag/Al_2O_3催化剂相比,采用微乳法降低了催化剂表面酸性,提高了活性组分Pd分散度,Pd粒径分布更为均匀。在750 mL加氢反应器中,采用C_2后加氢原料对催化剂性能进行评价,结果表明,与常规溶液负载法相比,微乳法制备的催化剂在反应温度低4℃条件下,乙炔转化率相当,选择性高9.9个百分点,绿油生成量较低。微乳法制备Pd-Cu双金属催化剂具有良好的工业应用前景。     

微乳液法制备纳米TiO2粒子

以TiCl4为原料。在OP-10／正戊醇／环己烷／水（溶液）组成的反相微乳液体系中制备纳米TiO2粒子，采用XRD、TEM和BET等分析手段对粉体的粒径、物相、形貌进行表征。结果表明．采用反相微乳液可以合成出纳米级TiO2粒子。当体系内古水量较高时。产物粒度较小，且分布均匀。适当的陈化，可使产物粒度变小，分布变窄。     

Wettability reversal of reservoir rock surface through surfactant stabilized microemulsion

In the process of the tertiary recovery of oil and gas resources, it is necessary to use external fluids to displace the crude oil in the reservoir. Whether the crude oil on the surface of the rock can be effectively displaced and the wettability of the rock can be changed to avoid re-adsorption by the crude oil is directly related to the level of oil recovery. Therefore, it is critical to study the cleaning and wettability reversal of reservoir rock surface. Because microemulsions have outstanding performance in changing the wettability of rocks and solubilizing crude oil, this paper uses cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant and n-butanol as a co-surfactant to prepare microemulsions. The performance of microemulsions with different microstructures on the cleaning and wettability changes of crude oil on the rock surface were studied. The results show that the water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion has good cleaning efficiency, and the oil removal rate on the sandstone core surface can reach 79.65%. In terms of changing the wettability of the rock surface, W/O, bi-continuous phase (B.C.) and oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions can change the core surface from lipophilic to hydrophilic. And the effects of the B.C. and O/W microemulsions are more obvious. The microemulsion system that was prepared based on cationic surfactants has a good application prospect in changing the wettability of the reservoir and cleaning the adsorbed crude oil.