水生态保护与建设的理论问题探讨——以武汉城市圈为视角

自武汉城市圈被评为两型社会综合配套改革实验区以来,面对水环境呈现多样性和复杂性的现状,将武汉城市圈建设成为富有滨水特色的现代化生态城市圈是两型社会建设主题中应有之义,也是推动城市圈生态化发展的必由之路。针对武汉城市圈水生态保护与建设的问题,在阐述了其必然性的基础上,对理论支撑及基本原则作了细致具体的分析,希望能对武汉城市圈水生态保护与建设的实践问题等相关研究有所帮助。     

漳河水库入库径流序列变化趋势分析

依据漳河水库1963-2008年入库径流资料,采用R/S分析方法和M ann-Kendall参数秩次相关检验法对其未来入库径流变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明:①水库流域未来径流量将呈缓慢下降的趋势,且未来1月和7月的径流量变化趋势的随机性成份可能很大,应采取必要对策和措施,以应对未来可能出现的干旱或暴雨洪涝等自然灾害。②1995年为突变点,前后两个系列的统计特征值均具有明显的差异,已经不符合"一致性"的要求。③对于20世纪70~80年代的持续枯水期,应理解为这只是其径流丰枯周期变化中的一个枯水期。④流域人类活动日趋频繁,使得流域下垫面条件发生了较大的变化,对入库径流量有较大的影响。     

供水管网中压力真实值的批次平差算法

分析了测压点优化布置的意义及原则,并根据供水周期性,依靠数量有限的测压点压力数据,结合管网的水力计算,利用传统的平差原理,将测压点以外的其它节点压力进行真实性校正,推算出了管网各节点的真实压力值,实现了通过有限测压点数据对管网所有节点压力的全面了解。     

Metal Single-Site Molecular Complex–MXene Heteroelectrocatalysts Interspersed Graphene Nanonetwork for Efficient Dual-Task of Water Splitting and Metal–Air Batteries

Development of multifunctional electrocatalysts with high efficiency and stability is of great interest in recent energy conversion technologies. Herein, a novel heteroelectrocatalyst of molecular iron complex (Fe_MC)-carbide MXene (Mo₂TiC₂T_x) uniformly embedded in a 3D graphene-based hierarchical network (GrH) is rationally designed. The coexistence of Fe_MC and MXene with their unique interactions triggers optimum electronic properties, rich multiple active sites, and favorite free adsorption energy for excellent trifunctional catalytic activities. Meanwhile, the highly porous GrH effectively promotes a multichannel architecture for charge transfer and gas/ion diffusion to improve stability. Therefore, the Fe_MC–MXene/GrH results in superb performances towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline medium. The practical tests indicate that Zn/Al–air batteries derived from Fe_MC–MXene/GrH cathodic electrodes produce high power densities of 165.6 and 172.7 mW cm⁻², respectively. Impressively, the liquid-state Zn–air battery delivers excellent cycling stability of over 1100 h. In addition, the alkaline water electrolyzer induces a low cell voltage of 1.55 V at 10 mA cm⁻² and 1.86 V at 0.4 A cm⁻² in 30 wt.% KOH at 80 °C, surpassing recent reports. The achievements suggest an exciting multifunctional electrocatalyst for electrochemical energy applications.     

Abrasion-Resistant and Enhanced Super-Slippery Flush Toilets Fabricated by a Selective Laser Sintering 3D Printing Technology

Flush toilets waste a significant amount of water every day due to the unavoidable adhesions between human waste and the toilet surfaces. Super-slippery surfaces can repel complex fluids and various viscoelastic solids, however, are easily broken by mechanical abrasions. Herein, the fabrication of an abrasion-resistant super-slippery flush toilet (ARSFT) is reported using a selective laser sintering 3D printing technology. Unlike traditional super-slippery surfaces with limited thicknesses which can be easily worn away, the powder-sintered strategy endows the ARSFT not only with a self-supporting 3D complex shape but also with a porous structure that can accommodate considerable lubricants for an abrasion-resistant super-slippery property. As a result, the as-prepared ARSFT remains clean after contacting with various liquids such as milk, yogurt, highly sticky honey, and starch gel mixed congee, demonstrating excellent repellence to complex fluids. Besides liquids, the ARSFT exhibits a high resistance to sticky synthetic feces. Notably, even after being abraded to 1,000 cycles of abrasion using sandpaper, the ARSFT maintains its record-breaking super-slippery capability. The concept of the 3D-printed object with a superior abrasion-resistant slippery ability will improve the development of super-slippery materials and further save water consumption in the human society.     

改革实践教学模式、培养学生综合能力──增设给水排水专业质量检测实习的体会

对给排水专业在优化专业教学体系,深化专科教学模式及教学内容改革中,实施的四次大型综合性实践教学,进行了认真总结．经过改变随课跟进的实验教学旧模式,在教学计划中增设了“水质指标综合测试与水质评价”实习内容使分散的教学实验得以“水质监测与评价”为骨架,有机穿插在实践教学中,为专科学校培养复合应用型人才,进行了有益的探索与实践,并获得较好效果．     

SODA: A new method of in-scene atmospheric water vapor estimation and post-flight spectral recalibration for hyperspectral sensors: Application to the HyMap sensor at two locations

A new method of estimating per-pixel atmospheric column water vapor (ACWV) and potential differences in the reported band center wavelengths of the HyMap sensor has been developed. The new method uses variations of a second order derivative algorithm (SODA) to assess the impact of atmospheric residual features on calculated surface reflectance spectra after atmospheric compensation. The SODA method provides an alternative to the current band ratio techniques of ACWV estimation and also allows the same form of algorithm to be used for the estimation of possible band shifts. A comparison of in-situ measured surface reflectance at two field sites in Western Australia demonstrates improvement in the resulting spectra when post-flight updates are made to the reported HyMap band center wavelengths and applied during the atmospheric compensation process. The same SODA methodology was varied to estimate the ACWV on a per-pixel basis and found to significantly reduce the appearance of the underlying surface structure on the resulting ACWV images as well as improve the overall accuracy of the estimation. The ACWV estimated from the HyMap imagery at the two field sites was found to agree with in-situ atmospheric ACWV measurements to within 2% and represented a two fold increase in accuracy over a 3 band ratio Continuum Interpolated Band Ratio (CIBR) technique of ACWV estimation.     

水煤浆添加剂的研究进展

随着世界原油资源的日渐减少及燃煤污染的日趋严重，水煤浆作为一种新型的环保型煤基流体燃料日益受到人们的重视。从70年代至今，国内外学都研究过多种添加剂，目前制浆用添加剂主要分为阴离子表面活性和非离子表面活性剂两大类，但高效、价廉、适用性广的添加剂为数并不多。     

高温水采暖系统内部氧腐蚀

对阜康冶炼厂高温水采暖系统内部产生氧腐蚀的原因进行分析，采取相应的措施，收到良好的效果     

Integrated Water Resources Management in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Abstract

The Uzbek socio-economic structure is characterized by the transition from a centrally-planned to a market-orientated economy, with a shifting from agricultural production to industrial development. However, the agricultural sector continues to play a significant role in a general economy of the country. The major water sector strategy is to decrease the dependence of agricultural production on climate by introducing advanced irrigation techniques and water saving methods to achieve future sustainable socio-economic development and environmental protection. Water management policy should be flexible enough to adapt to new demands. The regulation of consumption through demand management tools, such as appropriate pricing policies, has recently received greater attention in Uzbekistan. The main thesis of this paper is that allocation of water resources cannot be separated from ecological and economic considerations. The establishment of development objectives and the identification of constraints are also discussed. In the coming years, special attention will need to be paid to the control of water pollution and land salinization, water resources conservation, and acknowledging that actions to increase water productivity are as important as finding additional sources of water.