Synthesis of superabsorbent polymers by irradiation and their applications in agriculture

The superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were synthesized by grafting copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide onto starch by using γ‐ray radiation technique and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a crosslinker. The samples were characterized by IR spectroscopy. The effect of various synthetic parameters such as irradiation dose, irradiation dose rate, monomer concentration, monomer/starch ratio, and PEG content were studied. The effects of different drying methods on water absorbency of the SAPs were also studied. The experimental results showed that the water absorbency of the SAPs depends largely on the specific conductance of water when the specific conductance is below 500 μs/cm. The water retention of sand and soil was enhanced by using the SAPs. Effects of the SAPs on the germination of seeds and growth of young plants were investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1748–1755, 2004     

环境友好型聚天冬高吸水性树脂的合成

以可生物降解的高分子材料聚琥珀酰亚胺为原料,二胺为交联剂,合成了环境友好型聚天冬高吸水性树脂。考察了原料分子量、交联剂种类、交联剂用量、吸水温度以及吸水时间等对树脂吸水倍率的影响。结果表明,交联剂用量显著影响树脂的吸水倍率,以分子量为67500的聚琥珀酰亚胺为原料,己二胺为交联剂,交联剂浓度为1.5%时,树脂吸水倍率为1480。     

Swelling behaviors of polyacrylate superabsorbent in the mixtures of water and hydrophilic solvents

The swelling behaviors of polyacrylate superabsorbent in the mixtures of water and hydrophilic solvents, including methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, acetone, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide, were investigated. In 20 wt % solvent–water mixture, the superabsorbent with granularity between 40‐ and 80‐mesh could reach swelling equilibrium at 25°C in several hours. It was also found that mixture temperature between 15 and 35°C had little influence on absorbency. Furthermore, the influence of water temperature between 0.5 and 99°C on absorbency was also rather limited when the superabsorbent was swelled by distilled water. The mixture concentration influenced absorbency significantly by changing the solubility parameter of the solvent–water mixture, particularly when the solubility parameter of the solvent–water mixture was < 20. The equilibrium absorbency was very high when the solubility parameter of the mixture was > 20, whereas the absorbing capacity of the superabsorbent was very low when the solubility parameter was < 17.5. The polarity fraction of solvents did not have any obvious influence on equilibrium absorbency, but not enough polarity fraction might affect the absorbing rate. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1331–1338, 2000     

高吸水性树脂的性能及应用

介绍了高吸水性树脂的国内外发展情况及广阔的应用领域。对其种类及性能进行了论述。结合市场潜力与生产成本的分析,对高吸水性树脂的发展前景作了展望。     

Superabsorbent polymeric material. V. Synthesis and swelling behavior of sodium acrylate and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate copolymeric gels

A series of xerogels based on sodium acrylate (SA), sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonate (NaAMPS), and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide (NMBA) are prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. The water absorbency and swelling behavior for these high absorbent polymers in deionized water and transition salt solutions are investigated. Experimental results indicated that the absorbency in deionized water increases with an increase of the NaAMPS content in the copolymeric gels, which is related to the degree of charge density of the network and the strength of hydrophilic group. The extent of crosslinking agent also influenced the swelling capacity because of elastic chain force of the polymer chain. The absorbency in chloride salt solutions decreases with an increase in the ionic strength of salt. But the decrease of absorbency is different in monovalent and multivalent salt solution. This behavior can be accounted for in terms of counterion condensation or screening effect for monovalent cations, as well as complexation for multivalent cations. The swelling rates in various salt solutions for these xerogels are also investigated. At last, SA-NaAMPS copolymeric gels were used for ion adsorption. But the result showed that the adsorptive amount of transition metal ions for SA-NaAMPS copolymeric gels was lower than that for pure poly(SA) gel. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 229–237, 1998     

The decomposition of sodium persulfate in the presence of acrylic acid

The activation energy and rate constants for the decomposition of sodium persulfate in the presence of acrylic acid have been determined for monomer compositions representative of those used in a polymerization process to prepare sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers. It was found that, relative to buffered aqueous conditions, the rate of decomposition of sodium persulfate is increased by a factor of two- to sevenfold in the presence of acrylic acid, low levels of neutralized acrylic acid, or high levels of acrylic acid at low % neutralization, due to an induced decomposition mechanism by the monomer. However, high concentrations of partially neutralized acrylic acid (high solids) decrease the decomposition rate of persulfate relative to that in the presence of acrylic acid (not neutralized). An ionic gel cage mechanism that influences the rate of decomposition of sodium persulfate is proposed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 591–600, 1997     

Superabsorbent polymeric materials. IV. Swelling behavior of crosslinked poly [sodium acrylate-co-N,N-dimethyl (acrylamidopropyl) ammonium propane sulfonate] in aqueous salt solution

A series of xerogels based on sodium acrylate (SA), N,N-dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl)ammonium propane sulfonate (DMAAPS), and N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (NMBA) were prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. The water absorbency or swelling behavior for these xerogels in water or various saline solutions was investigated. Results obtained from this study revealed a water absorbency of 721 g H₂O/g sample in deionized water and 83 g H₂O/g sample in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution for a gel containing a 1.50 × 10 ⁻² molar fraction of DMAAPS. The absorbency in the chloride salt solutions decreased with an increase in the ionic strength of the salt. For the same ionic strength of various salt solutions, the swelling amount had the following tendency: Co ²⁺ > Ni ²⁺ > Cu ²⁺ for the higher ionic strength of 2.44 × 10 ⁻⁵–1.8 × 10 ⁻² M. The Co ²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cu ²⁺ solutions induce approximately the same degree of swelling at the lower ionic strength of <2.44 × 10 ^minus;5 M. The pH effect on the water absorbency for these xerogels was also investigated. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66:499–507, 1997     

PVA影响海藻酸钠复合水凝胶力学韧性和溶胀性能的研究

以醚化海藻酸钠(ESA)、丙烯酸(AA)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)为单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,水溶液法制备了醚化海藻酸钠-丙烯酸钠-聚乙烯醇复合高吸水性树脂(ESA/NaAA/PVA);采用红外光谱对产物进行了表征,观察了产物的微观相态结构,并测定了树脂的力学性能和溶胀性能.结果表明,体系组分的相容性和相区尺寸的大小与相区的组成有关,当ESA、AA的组成一定时,以w(ESA/NaAA):w(PVA)=88:12比例合成的树脂界面呈分布均匀状态;ESA/NaAA/PVA凝胶的韧性随PVA含量的增加而增大,PVA含量分别占总单体质量的3%、7%、10%、12%时,凝胶分别形变9%、14%、15%、15%时样品被破坏;当w(PVA)＜3.1%时,ESA/AA/PVA树脂在纯水和w(NaCl)=0.9%生理盐水中有较理想的溶胀能力.     

柚子皮纤维素基高吸水性树脂的合成与应用

高吸水树脂因其优良的吸水性和保水性,近年来受到广泛关注与研究。为实现柚子皮的废物利用,优化高吸水树脂的生产工艺,研究以天然无毒的柚子皮粉为接枝骨架,丙烯酸为接枝单体,司班-80为分散剂,环己烷为油相,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用反相悬浮聚合法制备了吸水性和吸生理盐水性能良好的纤维素基高吸水树脂。探讨了司班-80用量、引发剂用量、柚皮粉用量、交联剂用量、丙烯酸中和度、反应温度、油水质量比对树脂在蒸馏水和生理盐水中的吸液倍率的影响。结果表明,在司班-80用量为单体的6.7%,引发剂用量为单体的0.5%,柚皮粉:丙烯酸为1:5,交联剂为单体的0.67%,丙烯酸中和度40%,油水比2:1,反应温度80℃条件下,树脂对蒸馏水和生理盐水最大吸液倍率可达362.29 g/g和42.49 g/g。     

表面交联对高吸水性树脂吸水性能的影响

采用异氰酸酯、醛及金属盐等对溶液聚合法制备的丙烯酸型吸水性树脂进行表面交联处理,结果表明以甲醛为表面交联剂处理后的树脂吸水速度快,入水后即分散、不结团,吸水凝胶表面干爽,加压下吸水性能好,且处理工艺简单,5g吸水树脂用0.1g左右的甲醛在室温下共置12h后即可得到综合性能优良的吸水树脂。