前馈和积分分离在超临界机组协调控制的应用

介绍了静态前馈的线性关系和动态前馈控制技术。针对华电潍坊发电有限公司2×670MW超临界机组协调控制的特点,论述了超临界机组协调控制中的锅炉指令、燃料指令、给水指令和燃料发热量（BTU）校正的要点。分析了积分分离的应用效果。     

超临界直流锅炉冷态空气动力场研究

针对四角切圆锅炉水平烟道上普遍存在烟温偏差的情况,在河北国华定洲发电厂新建锅炉开展了冷态空气动力场试验,重点研究炉膛出口烟气流速分布情况。试验证明,通过调整分离燃尽风（SOFA）喷嘴的角度,能有效改变炉膛出口气流的分布,保证左、右烟气流速均匀,可满足锅炉正常运行的要求。     

Prospects of Supercritical Fluids in Realizing Graphene‐Based Functional Materials

Supercritical‐fluids science and technology predate all the approaches that are currently established for graphene production by several decades in advanced materials design. However, it has only recently been proposed as a plausible approach for graphene processing. Since then, supercritical fluids have emerged into contention as an alternative to existing technologies because of their scalability and versatility in processing graphene materials, which include composites, aerogels, and foams. Here, an overview is presented of such materials prepared through supercritical fluids from an advanced materials science standpoint, with a discussion on their fundamental properties and technological applications. The benefits of supercritical‐fluid processing over conventional liquid‐phase processing are presented. The benefits include not only better performances for advanced applications but also environmental issues associated with the synthesis process. Nevertheless, the limitations of supercritical‐fluid processing are also stressed, along with challenges that are still faced toward the achievement of the great expectations from graphene materials.     

PuO2含量对MOX燃料组件物理特性的影响

当超临界水冷堆组件采用铀与钚的氧化物混合而成的MOX燃料时,与普通UO_2燃料相比其中子学特性存在差异。为了研究PuO_2含量对组件物理特性的影响,采用蒙特卡罗方法计算得到了不同PuO_2含量时MOX燃料物理特性参数,包括俘获裂变比、总微观裂变截面、燃料每次裂变平均释放的能量、每次裂变释放的中子数及有效裂变中子数。进一步得到了装载不同含量PuO_2时MOX燃料组件特性参数,包括能谱、Keff、相对功率、相对功率峰值和缓发中子份额。研究结果对MOX燃料组件的设计有一定参考价值。     

超临界直流锅炉蒸汽发生器的建模与仿真研究(一)

以某６００ＭＷ机组超临界直流锅炉的研究对象,建立了适用于大扰动全工况仿真的非线性集总参数移动边界的蒸汽发生器动态数学模型,解决了亚临界＝超临界以及水冷壁出口蒸汽为干态＝湿态的模型切换问题,对各个集总环节的代表参数的选取问题进行了研究,并提出采用最大比热点的工况作用为超临界压力下划分汽水区域的标准,采用了合理的二次建模方法,使模型方程组右端函数中不存在导数项,提高了数值积分的稳定性。     

超临界机组磨煤机出口温度优化控制

针对磨煤机出口温度难于控制的缺点,提出超临界机组磨煤机出口温度优化控制策略。此控制策略采用双调节器的串级控制回路,内回路负调节器快速地控制磨煤机入口的进风温度;外回路主调节器控制磨煤机出口的物料温度。     

Equilibrium distributions of key components of spearmint oil in sub/supercritical carbon dioxide

Effects of temperature (at 35, 45 or 55°C) and pressure (10–110 atm) on the relative distribution coefficients of the twelve key components of spearmint oil (essential oil ofMentha cardiaca; Scotch spearmint) at equilibrium in dense CO₂ were investigated under conditions ranging from subcritical to supercritical regions. Effects of vapor pressure, molecular weight and polarity of the key components on their equilibrium distributions in sub/supercritical CO₂ are discussed. At 35°C, all key components of spearmint oil are equally soluble in dense CO₂ within the 12–102 atm pressure region. At 45 and 55°C, the key components are equally soluble for pressures greater than about 60 atm. However, around either 45°C/27 atm or 55°C/35 atm conditions, the relative distribution coefficients of all monoterpene hydrocarbons and of isomenthone (an oxygenated monoterpene) exhibit maxima, which are due to significantly higher vapor pressures of these components and significantly lower solvating power of the dense-gas solvent at these particular temperatures and pressures. Vapor-pressure effects, coupled with the decrease in solvating power, dominate the effects of polarity and molecular mass of the key components. Deterpenation of spearmint oil with dense CO₂ is possible around either 45°C/27 atm or 55°C/35 atm, where the monoterpene hydrocarbons tend to concentrate in the CO₂-rich phase.     

二氧化碳超临界萃取山苍子油及其抗氧化效能测定

应用二氧化碳超临界萃取法提取山苍子油,以正交设计法考察萃取温度、压力、流量、时间对提取效率的影响,与此同时,以DPPH法测定山苍子油的抗氧化活性,并首次研究了夹带剂使用与不同提取时段对山苍子油提取率及其抗氧化效能的影响．结果表明：在50℃、25MPa压力和40L／h流量时,油得率可高达36．7％;单位时间内山苍子油得率随着时间推延呈锐减趋势,第1时段（0～20min）占总出油量的80．86％～97．11％;但从抗氧化效能看,第2时段（20～40min）得到的山苍子油透明度高,抗氧化效果也明显优于前者;在超临界萃取过程中加入夹带剂可以显著提高山苍子油得率及山苍子油的抗氧化活性,以乙酸乙酯为夹带剂,萃取率最高可达45．88％;以甲醇为夹带剂时,山苍子油的抗氧化活性达到最佳值,DPPH法测得IC50仅为0．30g／L,而对照组IC50。为7．63g／L．     

350MW超临界锅炉螺旋水冷壁壁温特性研究

针对林州热电厂350MW超临界锅炉水冷壁温度特性,采用有限容积法对矩形鳍片膜式水冷壁进行温度场分布的数值计算,分析了炉膛下部螺旋管圈的温度分布特性.计算研究表明:螺旋管圈水冷壁温度随着炉膛高度的升高而增大,最高温度出现在水冷壁向火侧或者鳍端,最高温度小于440℃,低于金属许用温度;随着锅炉负荷的升高,管壁最高温度及周向最大温差显著增大.在炉膛宽度上,各管间温度差、焓值差及亚临界压力下的干度差均很小,但其值随着热负荷的增大而增大,表明螺旋管圈水冷壁可有效消除热偏差.     

二氧化碳与2-丁醇二元体系在高压下的亨利系数和偏摩尔体积性质计算

利用固定体积可视高压釜测量出的在323K~353K温度范围内的CO2与2-丁醇二元体系在高压下的汽液相平衡数据,根据Krichevsky-Kasarnovsky方程建立了CO2在液相中的溶解度模型,得到了该二元体系在高压下的亨利系数和CO2在无限稀释溶液中的偏摩尔体积等性质。同时根据偏摩尔体积性质和Peng-Robinson状态方程及Van der Waals-2混合规则来计算该体系在平衡状态下的气、液相的偏摩尔体积。结果表明CO2在2-丁醇中的亨利系数和CO2在无限稀释溶液中的偏摩尔体积均为温度的函数,CO2在2-丁醇中的亨利系数随温度的升高而降低。CO2在无限稀释溶液中的偏摩尔体积∞1V在研究温度下均为负值,其中随温度升高,其绝对值下降。在平衡状态下的气、液相的偏摩尔体积计算结果表明:平衡状态下,液相中CO2与2-丁醇的偏摩尔体积均为正值。气相中不同温度下CO2的偏摩尔体积均为负值,且其绝对值随着压力的增加而越来越大,2-丁醇的偏摩尔体积均为正值。此研究为该体系超临界萃取条件的确立和指导工业化生产提供了理论依据。