Interfacial energy for solutions of nanoparticles,surfactants, and electrolytes

The addition of surfactants to modify the surface property of nanoparticles (NPs) from hydrophilic to hydrophobic also enhances their interfacial properties. Several approaches were previously proposed to calculate the surface tension/interfacial tension (IFT) for different systems in the presence of NPs, surfactants, and electrolytes. However, most of these approaches are indirect and require several measured parameters. Therefore, a mathematical model is developed here to calculate the surface tension/IFT for these systems. The developed model takes into account the cohesive energy due to the interaction of the surfactant CH₂ groups, the electric double layer effect due to the interaction among the ions of NPs, surfactants, and electrolytes, and the dipole–dipole interaction of NPs and electrolytes. The developed model is compared and validated with the laboratory experimental data in literature. The results reveal further understanding of the mechanisms involved in stabilization of oil/water emulsion in the presence of NPs, surfactants, and electrolytes.     

双子(Gemini)表面活性剂合成及研究进展

综述了阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型和两性离子型四类双子表面活性剂的合成及研究进展,指出未来双子表面活性剂研究的主要方向为获得更高的表面活性、降低合成和使用成本、不同类型的表面活性剂协同强化、提高安全环保性和拓宽应用领域等。     

Green Synthesis,Characterization, and Properties of Acyl Lysine,Serine, Threonine,and Methionine Derived from Three Types of Natural Oils

The development of environmentally benign products has been the subject of growing interest in the field of surfactant chemistry. Acyl amino acid surfactants bearing lysine, serine, threonine, and methionine residues were synthesized using natural oils extracted from coconut, palm kernel, and soybean as acyl donors. The chemical structures were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/MS) and infrared (IR) spectra. Their surface activities, ion-specific effects, detergency, and foam properties were studied systematically. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values depend significantly on amino acid and oil types and follow the orders: (i) Lys > Thr ≈ Ser > Met and (ii) Coconut ≈ Palm kernel > Soybean oil. Interestingly, the ion-specific effects showing that the γ_CMC value decreases with increasing counterion size and hydrophobicity were observed, and the results were consistent with the famous Hofmeister series. The detergency ability of acyl amino acid surfactants is better than multiple traditional surfactants in distilled water. Although the detergency ability of our products for oil-soiled swatches decreased significantly in hard water, this problem was solved by the C-Lys-Na/AES mixed system showing excellent synergistic effects. Excellent foamability and foam stability were achieved for acyl threonine and serine bearing hydroxyl groups on their headgroups, suggesting that the packing of these surfactants at the air–water interface was assisted by hydrogen bonding.     

Novel Gemini Cationic Surfactants: Thermodynamic,Antimicrobial Susceptibility,and Corrosion Inhibition Behavior against Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The Egyptian oil and gas industry is suffering from severe metal corrosion problems, particularly microbial-induced corrosion. There is limited knowledge on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steels in the presence of an acidophilic, iron-oxidizing bacterial species Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Therefore, in this study, novel Gemini cationic surfactants, in three forms depending on variation in alkyl chains of 8, 12, and 16 carbon atoms named FHPAO, FHPAD, and FHPAH, respectively, were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The surface parameters and the thermodynamic of the synthesized surfactants were evaluated at three different temperatures, 20, 40, and 60 °C. The synthesized Gemini cationic surfactants were tested as broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antibacterial and anticandida agents. They evaluated as biocides and corrosion inhibitors against Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. FHPAD showed higher adsorption ability at the solution interface and higher affinity to construct micelles than FHPAO and FHPAH. Both adsorption and micellization processes were hydrophobic and temperature dependent. FHPAO, FHPAD and FHPAH exhibited wide-spectrum antimicrobial activities, and the highest activity and the lowest minimum bactericidal/fungicidal inhibitory concentrations were attributed to FHPAD. Furthermore, synthesized FHPAD demonstrated the highest metal corrosion inhibition efficiency of 95.5% at 5 mM in comparison to 87.5% and 81.7% for FHPAO and FHPAH, respectively. In conclusion, this study provides novel synthesized cationic surfactants with many applications in the oil and gas industry, such as broad-spectrum antimicrobial, biocides, and corrosion inhibitors for acidophilic, iron-oxidizing bacterial species Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.     

AIP型非离子表面活性剂的制备及在废纸脱墨中的应用

以月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-3)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)和不同相对分子质量的聚乙二醇(PEG)为原料制备了一系列AIP型非离子表面活性剂.考察了最佳合成工艺,并研究了合成产物及复配产品在浮选法废纸脱墨中的应用.结果表明,使用相对分子质量400的PEG,在反应温度50℃,反应时间1.5h,催化剂用量1.0％,n(AEO-3)∶n(IPDI)∶n(PEG-400)=1∶1∶1时制备的AIP(即AIP-400)具有较好的浮选脱墨效果;AIP-400、AEO-3和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)复配使用时的脱墨效果有进一步的提高,m(AIP-400)∶m(AES):m(AEO-3)=1:2:1,用量为0.2％时,废杂志纸脱墨后的白度为67.8％,残余油墨量为43.2 mm2/m2.     

磷酸酯型表面活性剂在染整工业中的应用

介绍了磷酸酯型表面活性剂特性、五氧化二磷与脂肪醇合成反应的一般工艺条件和不同分子结构对产品性能的影响.在染整工业中作为耐碱渗透剂、精练剂、丝光渗透剂,抗静电剂以及洗涤剂、阻燃剂已得到了广泛的使用.随着有机合成、表面化技术的进步,磷酸酯表面活性剂在染整工业中,应用必将日益扩大.     

Rheological characterization of hair shampoo in the presence of dead sea salt

In Jordan, a growing industry has been established to produce different types of Dead Sea (DS) cosmetics that have DS salt (contains mainly NaCl, KCl, and MgCl(2)) in their formulas. In this work, the effect of DS salt on the rheology of hair shampoo containing the sodium lauryl ether sulfate as a main active matter was studied. The effects of DS salt and active matter concentration, and the temperature and time of salt mixing, on the rheological properties of hair shampoo were investigated. The salt-free shampoo showed a Newtonian behavior at 'low active matter' (LAM) and shear thinning at 'high active matter' (HAM). The presence of DS salt changed the rheological behavior of LAM shampoo from Newtonian (for the salt-free shampoo) to shear thinning. On the other hand, the behavior of HAM shampoo switched from shear thinning to Newtonian behavior in the presence of high concentration of DS salt. The addition of DS salt increased the apparent viscosity of shampoo to reach a maximum value that corresponded to a salt concentration of 1.5 wt.%. Further addition of DS salt led to a decrease in the shampoo viscosity to reach a value less than that of the salt-free sample at high salt concentration. Changing the mixing temperature (25-45 degrees C) and mixing time (15-120 min) of DS salt with shampoo has no significant influence on the rheological behavior. However, the mixing process increased the apparent viscosity of salt-free shampoo. The power law model fitted well the flow curves of hair shampoo with and without DS salt.     

邻苯二甲酸单醇醚钠盐去污性能研究

按ＱＢ５１０８４标准对邻苯二甲酸单月桂醇聚氧乙烯（３）醚酯钠盐（简称ＰＡＥＳ）新型表面活性剂的去污性能进行了系统研究，测定了其在不同浓度、不同温度、不同硬水度中的去污性能，并与两种同类表面活性剂的去污性能进行了对比．结果表明，ＰＡＥＳ是一种去污性能优良的温和型表面活性剂     

聚丙烯酸类高分子表面活性剂的合成及其脱墨作用

以不同相对分子质量的聚乙二醇与马来酸酐制备马来酸单酯,再与丙烯酸聚合生成马来酸单酯-丙烯酸共聚物.较佳反应条件为:酯化反应温度为75℃,投料比n(醇):n(酸酐)=1:1.05,反应时间1h;聚合温度85℃,m(MAG):m(AA)=1:1,w(引发剂)=1.5%,反应时间6h.将马来酸单酯-丙烯酸共聚物与其他低离子表面活性剂复配,可使脱墨纸浆白度达64.3%ISO,残余油墨量2.4mm2/g,w(得率)=77.6%.     

开发新品种引气剂 提高混凝土耐久性

本文简要叙述了混凝土引气剂的作用 ,国内外发展简况 ,并介绍了优选引气剂的基本方法以及改善气泡结构和提高抗冻融耐久性的关系。通过工程实例 ,说明引气剂的效果。提出了进一步推广应用优质引气剂和开发新品种引气剂的建议。