Commercial process for mass production of synthetic natural gas through the adiabatic reactors: operational characteristics of a 50‐kW pilot‐plant,influence of steam,and CO2

In synthetic natural gas (SNG) reaction process, the water gas shift (WGS) reaction and methanation reaction take place simultaneously, and an insufficient supply of steam might deactivate the catalyst. In this study, the characteristics of the methanation reaction with a commercial catalyst and using a low [H₂]/[CO] mole ratio in SNG synthesis are evaluated. The reaction characteristics at various possible process parameters are evaluated varying different process parameters such as the [H₂O]/[CO] mole ratio, [H₂]/[CO] mole ratio, flow of different % CO₂, and reaction temperature. Temperature profiles on catalyst bed are monitored as a function of the [H₂O]/[CO] mole ratio, [H₂]/[CO] mole ratio, and flow of different % CO₂. Through a lab‐scale optimization process, suitable optimum conditions are selected and in the same condition a 50‐kW pilot‐scale SNG production process through adiabatic reactors is carried out. The pilot scale SNG reaction is stable through overnight and the CO conversion efficiency and CH₄ selectivity are 100% and 97.3%, respectively, while the maximum CH₄ productivity is 0.654 m³/kg_cat · h. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrogen-rich syngas fermentation for bioethanol production using Sacharomyces cerevisiea

Bioethanol is an eco-friendly biofuel due to its merit that makes it a top-tier fuel. The present study emphasized on bioethanol production from hydrogen-rich syngas through fermentation using Sacharomyces cerevisiea. Syngas fermentation was performed in a tar free fermenter using a syngas mixture of 13.05% H₂, 22.92% CO, 7.9% CO₂, and 1.13% CH₄, by volume. In the fermentation process, effects of various parameters including syngas impurity, temperature, pH, colony forming unit, total organic carbon and syngas composition were investigated. The yield of bioethanol was identified by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis and further, it was confirmed by Nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H) analysis. From GC-MS results, it is revealed that the concentration of bioethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae was 30.56 mmol from 1 L of syngas. Thus, hydrogen-rich syngas is suited for bioethanol production through syngas fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This research may contribute to affordable and environment-friendly bioethanol-based energy to decrease the dependency on fossil fuels.     

新型合成气脱除羰基铁净化剂RA-201性能评价

研究了净化剂RA-201脱除合成气羰基铁的性能。结果显示,RA-201净化剂具有铁容量大(～20%)、不易发生副反应、稳定性好等优点。该净化剂能满足甲醇工业等的生产要求。     

Turbulent explosion characteristics of stoichiometric syngas

In the present article, series of experiments were conducted to investigate turbulent explosion characteristics of stoichiometric syngas (with different hydrogen concentrations, 10%‐90% in volume fraction) in a 28.73‐L spherical turbulent premixed explosion system. The evolution of explosion pressure was recorded in different turbulent environment (with different turbulent intensity, 0.100‐1.309 m/s in root mean square value of velocity fluctuation). From the explosion pressure historic curves, the maximum pressure, lag duration, and explosion duration were obtained; the pressure rise rate and fast burn duration were derived; and deflagration index could be further calculated. The interaction effects of turbulent intensity and hydrogen addition on those explosion parameters were systematically analysed and discussed. Based on the results, an empirical formula about deflagration index of stoichiometric syngas was established.     

Silver (Ag) as anode and cathode current collectors in high temperature planar solid oxide fuel cells

Planar electrolyte supported solid oxide fuel cells were operated at 900 °C with humidified H₂ for 200 h using silver mesh and paste for cathode current collection. Continuous potentiostatic tests at 0.7 V appeared to induce migration of Ag towards electrode-electrolyte interphase, while continuous OCV tests caused no mass transport. Similar SOFCs fueled by coal syngas at 850 °C using Ag for both anode and cathode current collection indicated little, if any, Ag migration; providing the possibility of employing Ag for 100 h laboratory scale tests using coal-derived syngas. Use of high temperature steam, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide did not result in the formation of silver carbonates.     

合成气生物发酵法制乙醇的研究进展

采用合成气生物发酵法制乙醇具有反应条件温和、产物选择性高、原料来源广泛、低碳可持续发展等优势,是一种具有前景的可再生能源新型生产工艺。文章综述了合成气发酵法制乙醇的微生物种类及对应的适宜操作条件,分析了合成气发酵法制乙醇的Wood-Ljungdahl代谢途径;总结了合成气的广泛来源;分析讨论了过程工艺参数如合成气组成及压力、pH、温度、培养基组分、气液传质对合成气发酵的影响;指出合成气发酵法制乙醇面临的底物传质性能差、乙醇收率低等关键问题,比较了典型反应器在传质方面的差异,归纳了传质强化方法;总结了合成气发酵法制乙醇的工业化进展, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

煤地下气化低效的化学反应工程根源：滞留层及通道中的传质与反应

煤地下气化技术历经国内外一百多年的实验室研究和大量现场试验仍然存在产率低等关键问题。虽然一些文献认为该技术是未来煤炭利用技术的发展方向,但其至今仍未实现工业应用的现象说明其本身存在尚未被充分关注的关键科学（卡脖子）问题。本文从化学反应工程基本原理出发分析该技术涉及的关键传质与反应过程,并与现代大型地上煤气化技术对比,探讨其工业应用技术挑战的科学根源。     

EDTA辅助制备高活性费托合成催化剂

费托合成（FTS）对天然气、煤炭和生物质向清洁运输燃料和增值化学品的转化至关重要。传统上,用于FTS的负载型铁催化剂主要是以氧化铝和二氧化硅为载体。然而,金属与载体的相互作用阻碍了活性相碳化铁的形成,使得催化剂活性较低。本文通过乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）络合浸渍制备了Fe/Al₂O₃催化剂,通过带正电荷的羟基（OH{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{+}）与[Fe(EDTA)]^-配合物阴离子之间的库仑相互作用来提高氧化铝载体上铁物种的分散度。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、比表面积（BET）、原位红外（In-situ IR）等手段进行表征分析。结果表明,添加EDTA有助于增强Fe的抗烧结性。在煅烧络合浸渍制备样品的过程中,EDTA可以分解为具有还原性质的有机小分子,将催化剂中的铁物种还原为Fe²⁺,有利于催化剂的还原;更多活性中心增强了催化剂对CO的吸附量。原位红外实验表明,EDTA辅助制备的催化剂更容易富集活性物种,从而提高CO的转化率。调节体系中碱金属钠的含量改善了烃内产物分布。在较低的氢碳比（H₂/CO=1/1）下,EDTA络合制备的Fe-Na/Al₂O₃催化剂显示出高的CO转化率（88.5%）以及最大的C₂~C₄=和C₅~C₁₁选择性,总选择性达71.2%。     

煤制乙二醇关键单元技术与低碳集成工艺的研究进展

我国乙二醇对外依存度居高不下,而富煤少油的资源特性使得我国煤制乙二醇技术具有较好的成本与原料优势,发展迅速。本文综述了国内外煤制乙二醇技术的技术现状和发展趋势,重点介绍了煤气化、草酸二甲酯合成和乙二醇合成与精制等关键单元技术的技术特征、工艺流程和技术进展,并分析了相关单元对整个煤制乙二醇系统技术经济性能的影响。针对现有煤制乙二醇技术存在能耗高、质能效率低和CO₂排放大的问题,着重讨论了集成CO₂高效利用的煤与富氢资源联供制乙二醇集成工艺的进展,包括耦合焦炉气、页岩气和绿氢等资源的新工艺等。以焦炉气为例,集成不同重整技术的新工艺使得传统工艺的碳效率和?效率分别提升了23.35%~39.17%和4.25%~10.12%,生产成本降低了8.73%~19.88%,内部收益率提高了3.6%~9.6%。因此,集成富氢资源与CO₂高效利用的煤制乙二醇创新工艺是该行业向高效-经济-清洁可持续发展的重要方向。