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71.
72.
H. Ji D. Chopp J. E. Dolbow 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2002,54(8):1209-1233
A hybrid numerical method for modelling the evolution of sharp phase interfaces on fixed grids is presented. We focus attention on two‐dimensional solidification problems, where the temperature field evolves according to classical heat conduction in two subdomains separated by a moving freezing front. The enrichment strategies of the eXtended Finite Element Method (X‐FEM) are employed to represent the jump in the temperature gradient that governs the velocity of the phase boundary. A new approach with the X‐FEM is suggested for this class of problems whereby the partition of unity is constructed with C1(Ω) polynomials and enriched with a C0(Ω) function. This approach leads to jumps in temperature gradient occurring only at the phase boundary, and is shown to significantly improve estimates for the front velocity. Temporal derivatives of the temperature field in the vicinity of the phase front are obtained with a projection that employs discontinuous enrichment. In conjunction with a finer finite difference grid, the Level Set method is used to represent the evolution of the phase interface. An iterative procedure is adopted to satisfy the constraints on the temperature field on the phase boundary. The robustness and utility of the method is demonstrated with several benchmark problems of phase transformation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
73.
74.
A new definition of the flooding point in a two-phase counter-current trickle bed column has been proposed. Based on this point a versatile correlation of liquid hold-up has been formulated. The coefficients of this correlation are invariant to the change of physical properties of liquid, type and size of the packing forming the bed and gas velocity. This conclusion has been reached from the analysis of experiments with four different liquids irrigating the bed and three types of packing of various size. The versatile correlation can be used also re-currently to calculate flooding hold-up and flooding liquid rate from two known values of liquid hold-up for a given gas rate. 相似文献
75.
We have used x-ray phase analysis to study the composition of the products of reaction between oxygen and nanocrystalline
powders with particle sizes 15, 40, 55, and 80 nm, and also specimens pressed (and sintered) from them. The powders were oxidized
in air at 100°C (400 h) to 500°C (5 min), while the sintered specimens were oxidized at 600–900°C for 15, 120, and 240 min.
In all cases, in the initial oxidation step the oxynitride Ti(OxNy) is formed, which over time is oxidized to TiO, Ti2O3, Ti3O5, TiO2 (anatase) and TiO2 (rutile). In the range 600–800°C, formation of a continuous oxide layer and conversion of anatase to rutile slows down diffusion
of oxygen in the scale. We have established that at 900°C, the growth rate of the scale thickness increases and so the reflections
from the oxynitride are barely noticeable on the diffraction patterns taken from the surface of the oxidized specimen. In
these diffraction patterns, along with strong reflections from the rutile, we also observed weak reflections from lower oxides
and anatase, which may be due to reaction between oxygen and the titanium ions diffused to the scale surface. We have concluded
that at T > 850°C, the mechanism for oxidation of TiN changes. This is due to superposition of counterdiffusion of titanium
ions on the diffusion of oxygen.
__________
Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 3–4(448), pp. 72–78, March–April, 2006. 相似文献
76.
V. G. Khoruzhaya K. E. Kornienko P. S. Martsenyuk T. Ya. Velikanova 《Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics》2006,45(5-6):251-258
Methods of differential thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, microstructural analysis and electron probe microanalysis are
used to study alloys of the Al-Rh system over the whole concentration range. It is established that the phase of equiatomic
composition AlRh melts congruently at 2060°C and it has an extended range of homogeneity (45.1–54.2 at.% Rh). The solubility
of aluminum in rhodium reaches 9 at.%, decreasing to 6 at.% at 850°C. Coordinates are determined for the eutectic point l
⇆ AlRh + 〈Rh〉 as 70 at.% Rh and 1715°C. The existence of intermediate phases, their crystal structure, and also the method
of forming phases in the field of composition rich in aluminum given in publications are confirmed.
__________
Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 5–6(449), pp. 48–56, May–June, 2006. 相似文献
77.
78.
In various medium‐to‐large‐scale fire test equipments like the ISO room corner test (RC), and more recently, the single burning item test (SBI) the mass flow rate measurement of the combustion gases plays a key role in the determination of the heat‐release rate and smoke‐production rate. With the knowledge of the velocity profile and the temperature of the flow, the mass flow rate is obtained by measuring the velocity on the axis of the duct. This is done by means of a bi‐directional probe based on the pitot principle. However, due to the variation of the mean temperature and the temperature gradient in any cross section of the duct, introduced by ever changing combustion gas temperatures, the velocity nor the density profile are constant in time. This paper examines the resulting uncertainty on the mass flow rate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
79.
对2004年中国证券市场上的129家金属和非金属行业上市公司的会计账面盈利与现金流量的相关性进行实证研究后,发现两者的相关程度很低,很大一部分上市公司的账面盈利没有形成相应的现金流入,导致两者之间产生“滞脱”的效应.因此,笔者认为在对企业的财务状况进行评价时,不能仅仅局限于使用一些反映企业账面盈利的指标,应该还需要考虑一些反映企业创造现金流量能力的指标. 相似文献
80.
Open window buses without air-conditioning are a major mode of urban and inter-city transport in most countries. High occupancy
combined with hot and humid conditions makes travel in these buses quite uncomfortable. In this study air flow through a bus
has been studied that could be the basis for low cost and eco-friendly methods of increasing passenger comfort and possibly
reduce drag. The aerodynamics of such a road vehicle has not been studied as previous investigations have been confined to
vehicles with closed windows that present a smooth exterior to air flow. Using a 1:25 scaled Perspex model of an urban bus
in Delhi, flow visualization was performed in a water channel. The Reynolds numbers were one-tenth of a real bus moving at
10 m/s. Smoke and tuft visualizations were also performed on an urban bus at 40 km/h. Numerical simulations were performed
at the actual Reynolds number. Even though there were Reynolds number differences, the broad features were similar. Air enters
the bus from the rear windows, moves to the front (relative to the bus) and exits from the front windows. Inside air velocity
relative to the bus is about one-tenth of the free-stream velocity. The flow is highly three-dimensional and unsteady. 相似文献