Time–cost optimization: using GA and fuzzy sets theory for uncertainties in cost

Uncertainties should be considered in any time–cost trade‐off problems when minimizing project cost and duration, which leads to the so‐called stochastic time–cost trade‐off problem. A new approach to investigate stochastic time–cost trade‐off problems employing fuzzy logic theory is presented. The proposed approach fully embeds the fuzzy structure of the uncertainties in total direct cost into the model. An appropriate GA is used to develop a solution to the multi‐objective fuzzy time cost model. The accepted risk level of the project manager is defined through α cut approach for which a separate Pareto front with set of non‐dominated solutions has been developed. To compare the alternative set of options for any assumed project duration, associated fuzzy costs for different values of α cut are ranked employing two appropriate approaches for fuzzy costs comparison. The proposed models are applied to solve two benchmark test problems. It is shown that the models facilitate the decision‐making process by selecting specified risk levels and employing the associated Pareto front.     

螺旋角与螺纹升角不一致情况下滚刀前刃面齿距测量分析

在设计螺旋槽滚刀时会出现螺旋角与螺纹升角不一致的情况,此时由于刀具刃口方向螺旋角与刀具左右侧切削刃实际螺纹升角之间有差别,刀具的前刃面与切削刃螺旋平面不垂直,因此在万工显上测量前刃面齿距时需对齿形进行两次投影换算。如仍按螺纹升角与螺旋角一致情况下进行投影换算测量,会引起刀具齿距测量误差。在制造螺旋角与螺纹升角不一致的滚刀时,对滚刀齿距进行正确投影并精确测量。     

原地溶浸开采中的多过程耦合作用与反应前锋运动:1.理论分析

原地溶浸开采受到孔隙介质中的流体流动、矿物溶解、水溶液组分扩散等多过程的耦合作用,其动力学过程可用溶解反应前锋运动来研究。从流体流动、溶解反应与扩散的耦合和反馈作用建立了反应前锋运动的动力学模型,分析了反应前锋的形态稳定性及其主要影响因素。流体流动与溶解反应的正反馈作用可导致复杂的反应前锋形态并对原地溶浸开采有重要影响。     

液晶-变形镜自适应光学系统的数据采集与处理软件设计

为了提高自适应光学系统科研人员的工作效率,满足自适应光学系统向高低阶多波前校正器的发展需求,本文研究了一套自适应光学系统控制软件设计方法,以适应实验设备的不断更新换代,避免实验过程中软件不断更新修改所带来的问题。本文首先从功能和性能两方面分析了实验对软件系统的需求,提出基础层、功能层及表示层3层的软件架构体系,采用共享内存和临界区对象相结合的软件开发方法,确保自适应光学系统的实时性与准确性,避免资源冲突和浪费;采用Windows API事件实现多线程之间同步协调控制。基于上述思想开发了液晶-变形镜混合的高低阶自适应光学系统控制软件,可在0.6ms内完成波前采集、波前计算、控制信号计算和各设备间的同步协调控制。最后,使用该软件进行自适应光学校正:仅变形镜和倾斜镜校正后峰峰值由3.38μm降为0.95μm,均方根误差由0.66μm降为0.12μm;液晶校正器、变形镜和倾斜镜同时校正后峰峰值为0.44μm,均方根误差为0.02μm,计算总延迟为0.378ms。由实验结果可知,本文设计的软件可以实现自适应光学系统的实时校正,在保证校正精度的同时具有方便修改、功能齐全及模块化的优势,为后续自适应光学实验提供保障。     

Silver versus white sheet as a back reflector for microcrystalline silicon solar cells deposited on LPCVD‐ZnO electrodes of various textures

We compare the performance of two back reflector designs on the optoelectrical properties of microcrystalline silicon solar cells. The first one consists of a 5‐µm‐thick low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD)‐ZnO electrode combined with a white sheet; the second one incorporates an Ag reflector deposited on a thin LPCVD‐ZnO layer (with thickness below 200 nm). For this latter design, the optical loss in the nano‐rough Ag reflector can be strongly reduced by smoothing the surface of the thin underlying ZnO layer, by means of an Ar‐plasma treatment. Because of its superior lateral conductivity, the thin‐ZnO/Ag back reflector design provides a higher fill factor than the dielectric back reflector design. When decreasing the roughness of the front electrode with respect to our standard front LPCVD‐ZnO layer, the electrical cell performance is improved; in addition, the implementation of the thin‐ZnO/Ag back reflector leads to a significant relative gain in light trapping. Applying this newly optimized combination of front and back electrodes, the conversion efficiency is improved from 8.9% up to 9.4%, for cells with an active‐layer thickness of only 1.1 µm. We thereby highlight the necessity to optimize simultaneously the front and back electrodes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大庆乙烯新区装置工艺特点分析

大庆乙烯新区装置采用了前脱丙烷、前加氢以及乙烯机开式热泵等节能工艺,使装置总能耗降低。由180 kt/a改造为270 kt/a的过程中,充分利用原有设施,降低投资。     

电站炉前热力系统A5＋H2O2清洗

介绍了华电榆横电厂660MW超临界机组炉前化学清洗的范围、清洗工艺、控制参数和清洗效果等,分析和讨论清洗过程中应注意的事项.     

测量数据采集传输中的串行通讯

介绍了串行通讯的原理以及利用VB和VC编程语言实现串行通讯的过程。针对全站仪、GPS、水准仪的指令及参数的不同导致程序庞大及应用不便等问题,介绍了清华山维软件的处理方法,较好地解决了这个问题。     

B类前锁紧装置研制

B类前锁紧装置是一种可广泛应用于电子设备研制,并具有多种功能的锁紧装置。文中介绍了B类前锁紧装置及其附件的工作原理、材料和结构组成以及在工程中的应用。     

大型电动炉门的研制及应用

结合实际工程项目介绍了大型炉门在设计和安装调试中的几点体会.创新的技术使得大型炉门的性能得到了保证,并且避免了以往容易出现的问题.