角接触球轴承流固耦合仿真分析

角接触球轴承在运行过程中的润滑状况至关重要,润滑油直接影响滚动轴承的接触状态。为分析角接触球轴承的润滑状况以及考虑润滑时轴承的机械特性,基于有限元和晶格玻尔兹曼方法,建立了双向流固耦合轴承仿真模型,对角接触球轴承进行动力学有限元仿真和润滑流体仿真,并与轴承拟静力学理论计算结果进行对比,验证模型的准确性。分析结果表明,保持架与滚珠接触并撞击,在轴承腔内油膜压力最大,滚珠与内圈、外圈滚道接触区分别为第二、第三大油膜压力区。润滑油受滚珠公转影响,沿着滚珠转动方向流动,实现对滚珠与内圈、外圈和保持架之间的润滑。滚珠运动和最大接触应力仿真结果与轴承拟静力学理论求解结果一致,即流固耦合仿真模型计算轴承机械特性具有较高的准确性。     

静压PHC管桩穿越卵石层引孔施工技术探讨

本文结合云霄翔球广场一期工程静压PHC管桩施工实例,对2#楼主楼采用先引孔后压桩法施工技术和施工工艺,使桩端穿过砂层及卵石层进入持力层深度及有效桩长满足设计及规范要求,以保证施工质量和工期。     

基于改进的CEEMDAN与关联维数的石化轴承故障特征提取

针对石化机组轴承振动信号难以自动区分的问题,提出一种基于改进的自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)与关联维数的石化轴承故障特征提取方法。选取某故障诊断重点实验室实测的轴承故障数据中4种工况下的轴承振动信号进行测试分析,采用改进的CEEMDAN分解测得的振动信号得到多个模态分量IMF,对得到的高频分量进行叠加求和后求取数据的嵌入维数和延迟时间并进行相空间重构,结合G-P算法求不同嵌入维数下的关联维数进行特征提取。通过极限学习机进行实验,准确率达到92.5%,证明了方法的有效性。     

4～5 MW风力发电机组增速箱轴承试验机研制

为验证4～5 MW风电增速箱轴承性能,研制一台轴承试验机。该试验机可以通过载荷谱控制轴承旋转方向、转速、承受的轴向和径向载荷以及润滑油流量来模拟轴承实际工况,并使用测量轴承振动和温度的方法来侧面反映轴承的实时状态。使用变频器控制变频调速电机使轴承变速变向,液压比例伺服阀可变精准加载,润滑比例流量阀调整润滑油流量,铂热电阻温度传感器测量轴承温度,加速度传感器配合振动采集模块测量轴承振动。试验机可以通过加快轴承转速和增大轴承载荷的方法,只需要普通寿命试验几十分之一的时间就足以完成强化寿命试验。通过50 000 min的测试,试验机运行平稳、可靠性良好,数据正常,达到了设计目的。     

轴承摩擦力矩测量设备的设计

为测量不同温度下轴承的摩擦力矩,基于传递法测量原理,设计一种新型轴承摩擦力矩测量设备。设备中保温箱下层的工艺孔使用密封结构进行密封,并针对被测轴承与测量主轴对接时产生的冲击问题,设计新型类鼠盘式可分离夹具,实现对接时的平稳过渡。使用LabVIEW编写相关运动控制、数据采集、控制界面程序。经程序计算处理后,获取轴承摩擦力矩值、变化曲线等数据。最后,使用该设备对SKF7207深沟球轴承进行摩擦力矩测量。结果表明：设备最大重复测量误差为0.000 49 N·m,重复性较好,满足设计要求。     

Bearing capacity of composite ground with soil-cement columns under earth fills: Physical and numerical modeling

Soil-cement columns are widely used to improve soft ground, and the bearing capacity of the formed composite ground is a key design parameter. The currently employed design method was developed for composite grounds under rigid footings, whilst the bearing capacity behavior of composite grounds under earth fills with different degrees of stiffness has rarely been investigated. Hence, the present study attempts to fill this gap. In this investigation, 1-g laboratory model tests are conducted to compare the bearing capacity behavior of composite grounds under a rigid footing and under embankment fill, based on which a numerical model that can capture the strain-softening behavior of soil-cement columns is established. The calibrated numerical model is further employed to perform 144 analyses. The results indicate that the failure mode of composite grounds differs for different types of earth fills: soil failure occurs prior to column failure under soft clay and dredged slurry, whereas column failure is the primary failure mode for composite grounds under embankment fill. This difference in failure mode of composite grounds can be explained using soil arching theories. For different failure modes, different bearing capacity efficiency factors should be used in design.     

Relative density effects on the bearing capacity of unsaturated sand

This study focuses on the impact of relative density on the bearing capacity of unsaturated sand using both theoretical predictions and measurements from physical modeling tests. The theoretical predictions incorporate the effective stress, quantified using the suction stress concept and friction angles obtained from direct shear tests on unsaturated sand specimens at different relative densities and degrees of saturation, into conventional bearing capacity equations. The suction stress values inferred from the failure envelopes were found to match well with values predicted from the soil-water retention curves for sands with different relative densities. Moreover, the bearing capacity values measured in physical modeling experiments involving loading of a circular footing atop unsaturated silty sand layers having different initial degrees of saturation matched well with the predicted bearing capacity values from an effective-stress based model. As expected, the bearing capacity was greater for soils with increasing relative density, but an interesting observation is that a transition from general to local shear failure occurred at a certain combination of relative density and degree of saturation. For the silty sand tested, this transition occurred at a relative density of 0% for degrees of saturation between 4 and 16% and at a relative density of 40% for degrees of saturation between 30 and 90%. General shear failure was always observed at relative densities of 70 and 90%.     

The ultimate bearing capacity of shallow strip footings using slip-line method

Based on the limit equilibrium theory, an accurate approach is proposed to solve the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow strip footings under general conditions. The foundation soil is considered to be an ideal elastic-plastic material, which obeys the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion, and is assumed to be an ideal continuous medium which is isotropic, homogeneous and incompressible or non-expansive. Through analyzing the relative motion and interaction between the footing and soil, the problem of the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow strip footings is divided into two categories. A minimum model with the total vertical ultimate bearing capacity as its objective function is established to solve the ultimate bearing capacity using the slip-line method with no need to make any assumptions on the plastic zone and non-plastic wedge in advance. A convenient and practical simplified method is also proposed for practical engineering purposes. Furthermore, the first category of the problem in the case of the same uniform surcharges on both sides of footings is the focus of the study: the applicable conditions of Terzaghi’s ultimate bearing capacity equation as well as the theoretical exact solutions to its three bearing capacity factors are derived, and a new bearing capacity equation is put forward as a replacement for Terzaghi’s equation. The geometric and mechanical similarity principle is proposed by a dimensionless analysis. The results show that for perfectly smooth footings, the total vertical ultimate bearing capacity obtained by the present method is in good agreement with those by existing methods, whereas the existing methods underestimate the ultimate bearing capacity in the case of perfectly rough footings. The classic Prandtl mechanism is not the plastic failure mechanism of the ultimate bearing capacity problem of perfectly smooth footings on weightless soil.     

Semi-active joint for ultra-precision positioning using sliding/rolling bearings

A novel semi-active joint for connecting mechanical (i.e., sliding/rolling) bearings or guideways to an ultra-precision motion stage is presented. The semi-active joint enables the benefits of bearing/guideway friction on in-position stability while avoiding its adverse effects on rapid ultra-precision positioning. The joint is equipped with solenoids that switch its stiffness from low, during settling, to high once the stage gets into position. A two-step scheme is implemented to mitigate adverse effects of switching on positioning performance. Experiments demonstrate up to 81% and 60% improvements in settling time and in-position stability, respectively, compared to cases with solely low- or high-stiffness joints.     

化工厂减速器频繁损坏的故障分析和处理

针对减速器运行时出现的润滑油泄漏、异响等故障,详细地分析了故障原因,并提出了相应的解决方案和改进措施。