微槽道热管低温启动滞后现象的分析

小型铜-水微槽道热管在水平或负倾角位置,低温状态下启动时,可能发生启动滞后现象。对此现象进行试验研究和理论分析,得出以下结论:在管内蒸汽温度20℃附近,Kn大于0.01,蒸汽进入不连续流动区,与微槽道侧壁面之间产生了速度滑移和温度突跃,导致蒸汽与壁面产生了明显的温度差,发生启动滞后现象。随着热管管内蒸汽温度的升高,Kn逐渐下降,蒸汽逐渐进入连续流动区,速度滑移和温度突跃消失,蒸汽与壁面之间换热状况改善,壁面温度回落,进入正常启动过程。理论分析与实验结果基本吻合。     

Investigation of temperature effect on the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes

A temperature-related higher-order gradient continuum theory is proposed for predicting the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) at various temperatures. It is found that the axial elastic moduli of zigzag (21, 0), armchair (12, 12) and chiral (15, 9) SWCNTs with similar radii approach 0.7 TPa when T = 0 K, but decline slightly on different slopes. These results indicate that the temperature effect influences the axial Young moduli of zigzag SWCNTs less than those of the other types. Moreover, the parameters λ₁ and λ₂ corresponding to the uniform longitudinal and circumferential stretches at different temperatures are also examined, and the results show that with an increasing temperature, all SWCNTs are stretched in the longitudinal direction, while in the circumferential direction, only the zigzag SWCNTs are stretched, whereas the others are compressed.     

物体变形测量的相移数字散斑剪切干涉术

相移数字散斑剪切干涉技术可以提高检测精度,利用该方法对圆形铝板试件进行测量。为了实现全场相位的精确求解,运用等四步相移Carré算法定量计算相位。将该非接触测量技术与弹性力学理论分析相结合,对四周固支,中心受集中载荷试件的离面位移导数进行测量与分析,另外采用有限元方法进行模拟。最后将实验结果分别和理论结果、有限元结果进...     

Identification of Damage and Plasticity Parameters for Continuum Damage Mechanics Modelling of Carbon and Glass Fibre‐Reinforced Composite Materials

Abstract: An experimental test series was carried out to determine input parameters for a well‐known continuum damage mechanics elementary ply plasticity model. A full suite of data was obtained for a carbon fibre and an S2‐glass fibre‐reinforced composite material, both currently used in the aerospace industry. Models were implemented using the experimentally determined input parameters and predictions for in‐plane behaviour found good agreement with experiments for both material systems. In addition, model predictions for cyclic loading accurately captured reload moduli and plastic strain magnitude.     

视差自由立体显示中莫尔条纹消除的研究进展

视差自由立体显示中视差生成元件参数的不合理设定会导致影响三维图像的莫尔条纹产生。因此,莫尔条纹消除是视差自由立体显示中的关键问题之一。本文简单介绍了3种视差自由立体显示原理。综述了视差自由立体显示中的避免莫尔条纹产生和莫尔条纹最小化2种莫尔条纹消除技术,着重介绍了莫尔条纹最小化技术,包括工程实验、莫尔条纹图像仿真、余弦光栅叠加模型近似分析和序数方程方法和傅里叶分析方法的一致性分析等技术。其中后2种技术给出了视差自由立体显示中莫尔条纹最小化的详细理论分析和解释,并为其他视差自由立体显示技术提供了设计依据。     

Longitudinal changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Meuse River: anthropogenic effects versus natural change

A collaborative study among three nations (France, Belgium, Netherlands) along the Meuse River developed a consistent approach for collecting and interpreting macroinvertebrate data. Specific mesohabitats were sampled in 16 locations along an 800‐km stretch of this lowland regulated river. The objective was to assess the ‘river health’ using macroinvertebrate communities as indicators of biological and ecological variation in space. The main changes in assemblages were investigated using multimetric and multivariate approaches. The authors examined relationships between faunal variations and both physico‐chemical gradients and man‐made disturbances. We related species traits to faunal changes and habitat characteristics. Both a gradual shift from a macroinvertebrate assemblage dominated by insects to a community dominated by crustaceans and molluscs and a drastic decrease in biotic index values were observed along the longitudinal gradient. Taxa were distributed according to oxygen, nitrate and ammonium concentrations, pH, conductivity and summer hydraulic conditions. But major faunal differences among sites could not be explained simply by physico‐chemical variables. The trait analysis underlined the role of temporary habitats in structuring the summer macroinvertebrate community of sites of the uppermost French sector, which supported the most diverse community in terms of trait combination. Downstream the macroinvertebrate community exhibited a more simple and less stable functional organization. We concluded that the Meuse River exhibited both a high biodiversity and a ‘reasonably good’ water quality in the upper reaches. Two transition zones highlighted the influence of a high degree of human impact on stream integrity. Regulation for navigation, ship traffic and heavily polluted effluent discharges influenced instream conditions via multiple processes determining a decline of both habitat stability and diversity. However, the rare occurrence of habitat‐sensitive species in the lower reaches indicated that a partial recovery of communities may be predicted if restoration and protection of disturbed (especially riparian) habitats are fulfilled. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A taxometric investigation of reactions to extreme stress.

Mental health professionals have debated whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be qualitatively distinguished from normal reactions to traumatic events. This debate has been fueled by indications that many trauma-exposed individuals evidence partial presentations of PTSD that are associated with significant impairment and help-seeking behavior. The authors examined the latent structure of PTSD in a large sample of male combat veterans. Three taxometric procedures--MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and L-Mode--were performed with 3 indicator sets drawn from a clinical interview and a self-report measure of PTSD. Results across procedures, consistency tests, and analysis of simulated comparison data all converged on a dimensional solution, suggesting that PTSD reflects the upper end of a stress-response continuum rather than a discrete clinical syndrome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Eigenanalysis and continuum modelling of an asymmetric beam-like repetitive structure

An asymmetric repetitive pin-jointed structure, based upon a 3-D NASA framework, is analysed using a state variable transfer matrix technique. A conventional transfer matrix cannot be constructed due to the singularity of one partition of the stiffness matrix; instead, a cell (rather than cross-sectional) state vector consisting of displacements only is employed, leading to a generalised eigenvalue problem. The asymmetry of the structure leads to tension–torsion and bending–shear couplings, which may be explained in terms of the tension–shear coupling of a single face of the structure. Equivalent continuum beam properties and coupling coefficients are determined, and the effect of (a)symmetry discussed as a trade between, for example, tension-Poisson's ratio contraction for a symmetric structure, against tension–torsion coupling for the asymmetric.     

The Interpretation of Diffuse Reflectance Spectra

Numerous treatments of the diffuse reflecting properties of scattering media have been described. Many theories give an adequate account of the reflectance for a specific set of conditions for which the model was constructed and the solution tested experimentally. Only those models which are considered to be fairly general are considered here.It is convenient to divide the theories into those based upon continuum models and those based upon statistical models. The continuum models typically describe the scattering and absorbing properties of a given medium in terms of two phenomenological constants. These models may all be regarded as varying levels of approximate solution to the general equation of radiative transfer. This provides a convenient basis for comparison of the various theories.The statistical models are based upon a summation of transmittances and reflectances from individual layers or particles. Thus, some assumptions must be made about the nature of the fundamental units, and the validity of the ultimate result will depend upon how closely these assumptions correspond with reality. Only the statistical models lead to expressions from which absolute absorptivities and scattering coefficients can be calculated and related to the actual particle characteristics.The relationship between the various models will be discussed and the features which typify the absorptivity and scattering coefficient according to each will be compared and related to the available experimental data. This leads to a consideration of the characteristics of appropriate model systems and standards.     

Implicit gradient elasticity

A new formulation of gradient elasticity is derived and implemented. Padé approximations are used to introduce an implicit relation between non‐local strains and displacements. As a result, the finite element interpolation requires only ??⁰‐continuous (rather than ??¹‐continuous) shape functions. The underlying energy functional is presented and it is found that the present formulation is of the mixed type, whereby the non‐local strains act as the primary unknowns and the displacements as the auxiliary unknowns. The implications on the interpolation are studied. Finally, the influence of the additional length scale parameter on the global response is assessed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.