Proteomic Biomarkers of the Apnea Hypopnea Index and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Insights into the Pathophysiology of Presence,Severity, and Treatment Response

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a disease associated with excessive sleepiness and increased cardiovascular risk, affects an estimated 1 billion people worldwide. The present study examined proteomic biomarkers indicative of presence, severity, and treatment response in OSA. Participants (n = 1391) of the Stanford Technology Analytics and Genomics in Sleep study had blood collected and completed an overnight polysomnography for scoring the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). A highly multiplexed aptamer-based array (SomaScan) was used to quantify 5000 proteins in all plasma samples. Two separate intervention-based cohorts with sleep apnea (n = 41) provided samples pre- and post-continuous/positive airway pressure (CPAP/PAP). Multivariate analyses identified 84 proteins (47 positively, 37 negatively) associated with AHI after correction for multiple testing. Of the top 15 features from a machine learning classifier for AHI ≥ 15 vs. AHI < 15 (Area Under the Curve (AUC) = 0.74), 8 were significant markers of both AHI and OSA from multivariate analyses. Exploration of pre- and post-intervention analysis identified 5 of the 84 proteins to be significantly decreased following CPAP/PAP treatment, with pathways involving endothelial function, blood coagulation, and inflammatory response. The present study identified PAI-1, tPA, and sE-Selectin as key biomarkers and suggests that endothelial dysfunction and increased coagulopathy are important consequences of OSA, which may explain the association with cardiovascular disease and stroke.     

Warning: statistical benchmarking is addictive. Kicking the habit in machine learning

Algorithm performance evaluation is so entrenched in the machine learning community that one could call it an addiction. Like most addictions, it is harmful and very difficult to give up. It is harmful because it has serious limitations. Yet, we have great faith in practicing it in a ritualistic manner: we follow a fixed set of rules telling us the measure, the data sets and the statistical test to use. When we read a paper, even as reviewers, we are not sufficiently critical of results that follow these rules. Here, we will debate what are the limitations and how to best address them. This article may not cure the addiction but hopefully it will be a good first step along that road.     

A simulated annealing algorithm for multi-agent systems: a job-shop scheduling application

In this paper, a parallel implementation of the modular simulated annealing algorithm for classical job-shop scheduling is presented. The implementation is for a multi agent system running on the distributed resource machine, which is a novel, scalable, distributed virtual machine based on Java technology. The problems tackled are well known, difficult benchmarks, widely used to measure the efficiency of metaheuristics with respect to both the quality of the solutions and the central processing unit time. The empirical results obtained show that the method proposed is successful in comparison with a sequential version of modular simulated annealing algorithm and other methods described in the literature.     

时间复杂性和空间复杂性研究

计算复杂性是衡量问题求解的难易程度的。研究问题的计算复杂性,可以明确该问题是否存在有效的求解算法。介绍并分析了计算理论的一些基本概念,论述了时间复杂性（包括P、NP、NP-hard、NP-complete和EXPTIME）和空间复杂性（包括PSPACE、NPSPACE、PSPACE-hard和PSAPCE-complete）中的各个主要分类。最后分析了各个复杂性类之间的关系。     

支持向量机的新发展

Vapnik等学者首先提出了实现统计学习理论中结构风险最小化原则的实用算法一支持向量机，比较成功地解决了模式分类问题，其后，机器学习界兴起了研究统计学习理论和支持向量机的热湖，引人瞩目的研究分支有从最优化技术出发改进或改造支持向量机，依据统计学习理论和支持向量机的优点设计新的非线性机器学习算法等，对此，较为系统地回顾了近lO年来算法研究领域的新发展。     

基于基频的朝鲜语方言辨识方法的研究

该文提出了一种基于基音频率特征的中国朝鲜族语言、韩国朝鲜语和朝鲜朝鲜语方言的自动辨识方法。首先,选择具有良好区分度的基频移位差分系数作为三个方言的特征参数;其次,设计和采用了分层支持向量机分类器,并进一步引入投票法确定最佳的分类结果。实验结果表明该文提取的特征参数具有良好的区分性和较强的稳定性,该文提出的方言辨识方法比传统的移位差分倒谱系数特征方法识别率高,可以有效解决朝鲜朝鲜语、韩国朝鲜语和中国朝鲜族语言的方言辨识问题。     

交通流异常数据检测研究及实证

针对道路交通系统实时交通流数据普遍存在的异常现象,提出一种基于最小二乘支持向量机的交通异常数据检测方法。运用相空间重构技术,将时间序列数据转换为矢量数据。运用训练数据构建基于最小二乘支持向量机的回归估计模型,通过计算实际值与预测值之间的残差来判别异常数据。以成都市一环路北二段进行实证研究,并与传统检测方法比较分析,结果证实该检测方法的有效性。     

N-Best句法知识增强的统计机器翻译预调序模型

源语言和目标语言的句法异构性对统计机器翻译（SMT）性能有重要影响。在基于短语的汉英统计机器翻译基础上,提出了一种基于N-best句法知识增强的源语言预调序方法。首先对源语言输入句子进行N-best句法分析,计算统计概率得到高可靠性子树结构,再根据词对齐信息从可靠性子树结构中抽取初始调序规则集。两种优化策略用于对初始规则集进行优化：基于中英文句法知识规则推导筛选和规则概率阈值控制机制。然后为减少短语内部调序,保证短语局部流利性,采用源语言短语翻译表为约束,使调序控制在短语块之间进行。最后根据获取的优化规则集和短语表约束条件对源语言端句子的句法分析树进行预调序。在基于NIST 2005和2008测试数据集上的汉英统计机器翻译实验结果表明,所提基于N-best句法知识增强的统计机器翻译预调序方法相对于基线系统,自动评价准则BLEU得分分别提高了0.68和0.83。     

基于支持向量机与神经网络的间谐波测量混合算法

针对目前缺乏国家标准规范间谐波对电能质量的影响,也缺乏有效的手段监测间谐波的问题,用支持向量机理论对其进行了探索。支持向量机理论将间谐波这个非线性问题变换到更高维的空间中进行线性回归,它基于迭代权调整最小二乘法,引入反向传播神经网络算法整定算法参数,通过反馈现场采集、分析信号,并将教师信号与计算信号的差值作为调整参数的驱动信号,在此基础上通过反向遗传算法(BPNN)的反向传播能力对参数进行基于负反馈的调整,提高了算法的收敛速度。通过数值实验对比,该算法比没有使用差动信号的混合算法效率提高约13%。     

基于模糊层次分析法的自动化机房供电风险评估

针对电网调度自动化主站供电系统运行状态和潜在发生的风险,构建自动化机房供电评估指标体系,提出了一种基于模糊层次分析法的自动化机房供电风险评估方法,通过权重选择和分级评估,同时考虑各类影响因素间的相互作用,实现了对自动化机房供电的科学评估与判断,结合实例分析证明具有较强的科学性和实用性。