低能X射线吸收法测量泡沫材料密度

文章介绍为适应惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶材料研究而发展的一种密度测量方法。通过测量X射线经靶材料吸收前后的强度变化,可较为精确地计算出待测样品的密度。用于泡沫材料密度测量的X射线源是特制的激发源。     

The physical demands upon (Dutch) fire-fighters in relation to the maximum acceptable energetic workload

The aim of this study was to assess the tasks and activities that make physical demands on Dutch fire-fighters and to compare them with a guideline related to the development of excessive fatigue. The occupational physical demands on Dutch fire-fighters were assessed by conducting a task analysis during 85 24-h shifts. While workplace observations on the duration and frequency of physical tasks and activities were recorded, the heart rate was measured. This was then used to calculate the heart rate reserve percentage (%HRR) for predefined working periods, tasks and activities during 24-h shifts. The findings indicate that actual fire-fighting during 24-h shifts is characterised by a low frequency of incidents, a short ‘turn-out’ time, short tasks, and activities with a moderate to occasionally high energetic workload. Two tasks which sometimes occur in actual fire-fighting exceeded the guideline on energetic workload. The conclusion was that, though the number of incidents and the occupational demands are low during 24-h shifts, the peak loads for these two tasks are energetically high and could lead to excessive fatigue. Consequently, attention may need to be paid to health surveillance for persons exposed to such energetic peak loads, the development of physical and medical selection procedures, training, and workplace adjustments.     

Novel,Printable Energetic Polymers

Novel, simple‐to‐make energetic mono‐ and bisvinylimidazolium perchlorate monomers are prepared and characterized. These energetic monomers offer the possibility to 3D print energetic polymers that may allow decreasing the content of the energetic filler in energetic devices without compromising their energetic properties. The new printable materials are suited for photocuring‐based additive manufacturing (AM), techniques, offering not only a large degree of control over the mechanical and energetic properties of the resulting solids, but also the production of complex geometries at high resolution.     

Estimation of the Ballistic Effectiveness of3,4-and3,5-Dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-Pyrazoles as Oxidizers for Composite Solid Propellants

The experimental values of the enthalpy of formation of two isomeric 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles have been obtained(261.5±5.0and 246.4±6.7kJ/mol for crystalline 3,4-and 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazoles,respectively).The ballistic effectiveness of these potential oxidizers in composite solid propellants was studied.It is shown that these two oxidizers may be successfully applied in metal-free compositions or with a small content of metal.For the bottom stage 3,4-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole is a bit better than 3,5-dinitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole,for the upper stage the both oxidizers show the equal ballistic parameters.These oxidizers allow to create metal-free solid composite propellants with the binder percentage not lower than 19%(volume fraction),with I3spequal to 256.5-257.0sat density equal to 1.72-1.74g/cm~3.     

Chemical activation of hybrid binders based on siliceous fly ash and Portland cement

The hydration of Portland cement (PC) blended with a high amount of a siliceous fly ash (70% fly ash, 30% PC) has been examined. The fly ash contributes significantly to the long-term strength development, when compared to a reference sample with quartz powder. However the long setting time and the poor early strength prevent the use of such binders. Therefore the effect of different activators (sodium carbonate, potassium sodium silicate, potassium citrate and sodium oxalate) on the setting, the hydration kinetics and the strength development of the fly ash-PC blend has been investigated.The addition of the activators increases the pH and decreases thus the calcium concentrations in the pore solution, which leads to a faster reaction of alite and thus to early setting and increased early strength. On the long term, the high alkali concentrations lower the compressive strength and lead to a (partial) destabilization of ettringite.Sodium oxalate and potassium sodium silicate accelerate both the setting of the fly ash-PC blend and increase the early compressive strength. Furthermore, they show better compressive strengths at later ages compared to the other activators. Based on these findings, they can be considered as the most suitable accelerators among the investigated activators.     

Estimation of electrolytic hydrogen production potential in Venezuela from renewable energies

An initial estimation of the potential for hydrogen (H₂) production in Venezuela is made, obtained by water electrolysis using electricity from renewable sources, taking advantage of the great potential of the country for solar, wind and mini hydro energies. For the first two, its potential maps is obtained from insolation and wind speed maps, respectively, prepared from satellite data, and for mini-hydro, the potential is obtained from documentary information. To calculate the amount of H₂ to produce is used the Higher Heating Value, considering the electrolytic system overall efficiency of 75%, including power requirements of the electrolyzer, auxiliary equipment, and system losses. In addition, in the calculation of usable renewable potential are excluded land areas under special administration, marine, lake and urban areas, and other limitations are considered concerning energy conversion efficiencies and useful areas available for the location of the different renewable technologies.     

Al基纳米复合含能材料的自组装

从Al基纳米复合含能材料的能量方面着手分析比较了各种制备方法的优劣,凸显出了自组装法制备Al基纳米复合含能材料的优势。自组装制备方法能够有效控制Al基纳米复合含能材料中粒子的排布,增加粒子各自的分散性和组分粒子之间的接触,缩短了粒子之间的传质和传热距离,提高了Al基纳米复合含能材料的燃烧速率、反应活性和能量利用率。将目前报道的Al基纳米复合含能材料的自组装制备方法分为两类(直接组装法和间接组装法)进行论述总结,最后提出了自组装法在含能材料制备中的发展方向。附参考文献41篇。     

基于PLC的含能材料加工设备控制系统

为解决因加工温度过高或操作不当造成含能材料加工过程中发生燃烧、爆炸现象对人员产生伤害的问题,设计一套基于倍福PLC的含能材料自动化加工设备控制系统。通过介绍设备机械结构组成、电气硬件构成、软件实现等方面来阐述控制系统的设计过程及实现功能。应用结果表明：该系统能够稳定高效地实现自动化运行,并具有远程实时监控及操作功能,能有效降低发生事故的几率。     

一水合双四唑乙烷氨基胍的制备及性能研究

采用一锅法制备了新型高氮化合物——一水合双四唑乙烷氨基胍盐(CH7N4·C4H4N8·H2O)。用红外光谱和元素分析对其单晶进行了表征,用X射线单晶衍射法测定了其晶体结构;用TG-DTG法和DSC法测试了其热性能;用Kissinger法和Ozawa法计算了其非等温动力学参数;用氧弹量热法测试了其燃烧热;用K-J方程计算了其爆速、爆压,并测试了其机械感度。结果表明,该晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群为C2/c(No.15),晶胞参数为:a=1.126 1(2)nm,b=0.710 62(14)nm,c=2.724 1(5)nm,β=95.95(3)°,V=2.168 2(8)nm3,Z=4,理论密度为1.527g/cm3;该化合物在289.3℃开始分解,具有良好的热稳定性,其非等温动力学反应活化能为219.05kJ/mol,指前因子lg(A/s-1)为38.61;燃烧热为9.515MJ/kg,生成焓为2 892.2kJ/mol,爆速为6.95km/s,爆压为19.3GPa;撞击感度高于50cm,摩擦感度为0,表明该化合物具有较低的机械感度和良好的热稳定性。     

MEMS用含能薄膜研究现状及进展

在综合分析国内外含能薄膜相关文献的基础上,认为金属复合含能薄膜桥、含能半导体桥及纳米多孔硅/氧化剂复合薄膜制作工艺与微机电系统(micro-electro-mechanical systems,MEMS)器件制备技术具有良好的兼容性,在此基础上阐述了上述三种薄膜材料的制备方法及输出特性,认为MEMS火工装置为火工技术的发展提供了一个重要的研究方向。