C反应蛋白和降钙素原指导高危新生儿预防性应用抗生素的效果、安全性和经济性分析

目的:评价应用C反应蛋白（C reaction protein，CRP）和降钙素原（procalcitonin，PCT）指导高危新生儿预防性应用抗生素的效果、安全性和经济性。方法:选取2015年7月至2017年1月慈溪市妇幼保健院收治的高危新生儿124例作为研究对象，随机数表法分为对照组（62例）和实验组（62例），对照组患儿均给予预防性应用抗生素治疗，实验组根据CRP和PCT选择性应用抗生素。比较两组患儿的细菌培养阳性率、脓毒症发生率以及不良反应发生率。结果:两组患儿的CRP和PCT水平和阳性率间均不存在统计学差异（t/χ2=0.299，-0.461，0.292，0.544，0.186，P=0.766，0.646，0.589，0.461，0.666）。两组患儿治疗前后的菌培养阳性率间均不存在统计学差异（χ2=0.040，0.287，P=0.842，0.592）；两组治疗后的菌培养阳性率均明显低于治疗前（χ2=47.825，40.367，P=0.000，0.000）；两组患儿脓毒症的发生率分别为12.90%和14.52%，差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.068，P=0.794）。实验组的NICU治疗和住院时间、机械通气时间以及治疗费用均显著低于对照组（t=2.904，2.729，2.152，5.337，P=0.004，0.007，0.033，0.000），两组的机械通气率间无统计学差异（χ2=0.372，P=0.542）。对照组患儿不良反应发生率为19.35%，明显高于实验组的6.46%（χ2=4.593，P=0.032）。结论:应用CRP和PCT指导高危新生儿预防性应用抗生素的效果与普遍性应用相似，可以明显减少治疗时间和治疗费用，明显降低治疗相关不良反应。     

Development of autonomous monitoring and performance evaluation system of grid-tied photovoltaic station

This work aims to improve the existing monitoring systems MS for two grid-connected PV stations GCPVS of URERMS ADRAR, to eliminate its limitations. This improvement consists of developing an MS which is used for two PV stations with different configurations. This MS contains new LabVIEW-based monitoring software for visualizing real-time measured data and evaluating GCPVS performance. In addition, it illustrates the 2D and 3D real-time relationships of PV system parameters, which allow us to understand the dynamic behavior of PV system components. This developed monitoring software synchronizes also the various data acquisition units DAU of GCPVS, allowing simultaneous data access.To perform a reliable performance analysis and a comparative study of different GCPVS based on accurate measurements, the sensor's calibration is performed with its DAU. The MS autonomy is ensured by integrating developed PV-UPS. A graphical user interface is provided for the evaluation of PV-UPS performance.     

Effect of processing on the microbiological quality and safety of chicken carcasses at slaughterhouse

Microbiological contamination of chicken meat depends on the conditions under which the animals are reared, slaughtered and processed. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of farm origin and processing stages at slaughterhouse on the microbial safety and quality of chicken. Samples of chicken carcasses from three different farms were taken from a slaughterhouse. Mesophiles, Escherichia coli, coagulase positive Staphylococcci counts, presence of Listeria monocytogenes,Campylobacter and Salmonella were determined at five sampling points: after defeathering, after evisceration, after washing, after chilling and after cutting. Chilling reduced log numbers of mesophiles, coagulase positive Staphylococci and E. coli by 0.85, 1.52 and 2.2 log units, respectively. Salmonella was not detected after chilling. High prevalence of Campylobacter spp was observed at all the stages ranging between 84% and 100%. L. monocytogenes was not detected in chicken carcasses after defeathering. However, it was detected after evisceration and after washing and chilling. The most critical stage for L. monocytogenes contamination was the portioning operation, the prevalence in breast and legs being 88% and 84%, respectively.     

仪器仪表产品脉冲耐压试验要求和保护器件的选择

仪器仪表产品的脉冲耐压试验是产品型式试验、例行试验中的基本内容。通过对GB4793.1标准的整理,归纳了仪器仪表产品的脉冲耐压试验要求。通过对试验方法和设备特性的梳理,总结了特性参数,并介绍了应对脉冲耐压试验可采取的保护器件的类别及选用方法。     

结合优化支持向量机与K-means++的工控系统入侵检测方法

针对工业控制系统传统单一检测算法模型对不同攻击类型检测率和检测速度不佳的问题，提出一种优化支持向量机和K-means++算法结合的入侵检测模型。首先利用主成分分析法（PCA）对原始数据集进行预处理，消除其相关性；其次在粒子群优化（PSO）算法的基础上加入自适应变异过程避免在训练的过程中陷入局部最优解；然后利用自适应变异粒子群优化（AMPSO）算法优化支持向量机的核函数和惩罚参数；最后利用密度中心法改进K-means算法与优化后的支持向量机组合成入侵检测模型，从而实现工业控制系统的异常检测。实验结果表明，所提方法在检测速度和对各类攻击的检测率上得到明显提升。     

Potential of renewable energy system utilisation at decentralised level in the state of Uttarakhand in India

ABSTRACT

Design and implementation of an effective dissemination programme for decentralised renewable energy system necessitate an accurate estimate of its utilisation potential. Hence, in this study, an attempt has been made to develop frameworks to estimate the utilisation potential of decentralised renewable energy systems in the state of Uttarakhand in India. Estimations imply large resource, technical and economic potentials of the domestic solar water heater, solar home system, solar lantern, family size biogas plant and improved biomass cookstove in Uttarakhand. With higher impact on the purchasing power of households, prevailing soft loan scheme has been found to be more appropriate than a capital subsidy for promoting the usage of decentralised renewable energy systems.     

Why do small business butcher shops fail to fully implement HACCP?

This study aims to assess the degree of HACCP implementation in small business butcher shops and understand which factors most influence butchers' intention to fully implement it, through the application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. One hundred and one butchers managing or owning small butcher's responded to the interview regarding their Attitudes, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioural Control, Personal Norm, and Knowledge with regard to their Intention to fully implement a HACCP system in their shops. Before the interviews, a certified veterinarian visited all the shops. Visits included an inspection of the establishments using the Official Portuguese Control Plan checklist for meat retailers. Conformance level measured past performance regarding food safety practices. Based on past performance, butchers were divided into “high performers” and “low performers”. “High performers” yielded high values of Attitude and Intention towards the Behaviour. For these, Attitude and Personal Norm emerge as predictors of the Intention to fully implement a HACCP system. For “low performers”, Personal Norm was the strongest predictor of Intention, with results pointing to the need for an intervention from the authorities to promote increased conformance to food safety practices. For both groups, neither Social Norm nor Perceived Behavioural Control acted as significant predictors of Intention.     

Rogowski coil current transducer compensation method for harmonic active power error

In the harmonic active power measurement, the highest uncertainties are generally introduced by the current and voltage transducers. In a previous paper, the authors showed that the current transformer (CT) can introduce significant errors in such measurement, especially if the phase shift between voltage and current is close to ±90°. In such condition the errors on harmonic power measurement are mainly due to the CT phase displacement. This paper shows that better results can be achieved with more linear transducers, such as the Rogowski coil current transducers (RCCTs), whose metrological performance in distorted condition can be improved, by means of a proper compensation method. The proposed method for RCCTs compensation is based on the frequency response and it allows to reduce the errors on harmonic power measurement, also for phase shift close to ±90°. The study is supported by several experimental tests.     

Improved synergetic excitation control for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of power systems

This paper proposes decentralized improved synergetic excitation controllers (ISEC) for synchronous generators to enhance transient stability and obtain satisfactory voltage regulation performance of power systems. Each generator is considered as a subsystem, for which an ISEC is designed. According to the control objectives, a manifold, which is a linear combination of the deviation of generator terminal voltage, rotor speed and active power, is chosen for the design of ISEC. Compared with the conventional synergetic excitation controller (CSEC), a parameter adaptation scheme is proposed for updating the controller parameter online in order to improve the transient stability and voltage regulation performance simultaneously under various operating conditions. Case studies are undertaken on a single-machine infinite-bus power system and a two-area four-machine power system, respectively. Simulation results show the ISEC can provide better damping and voltage regulation performance, compared with the CSEC without parameter adaptation scheme and the conventional power system stabilizer.     

Design of disturbance observer based on adaptive-neural control for large-scale time-delay systems in the presence of actuator fault and unknown dead zone

This article presents an adaptive neural compensation scheme for a class of large-scale time delay nonlinear systems in the presence of unknown dead zone, external disturbances, and actuator faults. In this article, the quadratic Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals are introduced to tackle the system delays. The unknown functions of the system are estimated by using radial basis function neural networks. Furthermore, a disturbance observer is developed to approximate the external disturbances. The proposed adaptive neural compensation control method is constructed by utilizing a backstepping technique. The boundedness of all the closed-loop signals is guaranteed via Lyapunov analysis and the tracking errors are proved to converge to a small neighborhood of the origin. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.