LED负载恒流驱动电源电路的研究

提出一种由过零检测电路、可控硅整流电路、高频滤波电路与PWM隔离驱动电路组成的非隔离驱动方式的高效LED驱动电源电路。通过可控硅整流器(SCR)控制角α的程控调节与隔离驱动PWM占空比的自适应负载变化,分别实现LED负载恒流驱动的粗调与细调。对各电路模块的仿真与LED负载电流调节实验均验证了系统设计的正确性。     

冲击位置对三明治型复合板材冲击性能的影响分析

釆用高强低伸工业涤纶为原料,加工织造了机织间隔织物,对间隔织物空间进行泡沫填充,面层与树脂进行复合,制成了三明治型复合材料板材。测试了冲击位置不同时复合板材耐冲击性能和冲击前后板材的侧压性能,分析了冲击位置对三明治型复合板材耐冲击性能的影响。结果表明,相同冲击能量作用下,冲击位置不同时,复合板材的表观破坏和冲击后侧压性能均有差异。在间隔织物规格相同的情况下,冲击位置在接结点处的板材表观冲击损伤大,但冲击发生在接结点处的板材受冲击后,所能承受的侧压载荷相对较大。     

SB共聚物的技术进展

综述了单乙烯基芳烃-共轭二烯烃共聚物及其聚合工艺的技术进展,基于高分子链中渐变嵌段的数量与位置,讨论了这类共聚物的物理和机械性能与其高分子链结构的相关性,介绍了近年开发的此类共聚物新产品的性能与应用领域。     

高流动抗冲PP的结晶特性及结晶动力学

采用X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪和偏光显微镜研究了5种高流动抗冲聚丙烯(PP)树脂的结晶特性和结晶动力学。结果发现：国产试样的结晶度与晶粒尺寸明显不同于进口试样;在等温结晶条件下。总结晶速率常数和总结晶速率随结晶温度的增加而下降,而结晶半值期增加;在所研究的温度范围内。所有试样的Avrami指数基本为2～3的非整数;在133℃以下,5^#试样的球晶生长速率明显高于其他试样,但在相同结晶温度时,国产试样的总结晶速率大于进口试样。5种试样在抗冲击性能上的差异归因于它们在结晶特性和结晶动力学方面的不同。     

基于多目标模糊优选理论的化合物环境影响指数确定及应用

Environment impact (EI) is a multi- decision-making, multi-objective and multi-criteria system with uncertainties and ambiguities, and environment impact index (EII) of a chemical compound is difficult to calculate appropriately with traditional methods. In this paper, fuzzy optimal selection theory based on the concept of relative importance degree is adopted to determine relativity of the degree of environment impact of chemical compounds as EII, and environment impact assessment (EIA) of a chemical process is done with values of compounds EII to select alternatives that cause less pollution to the environment. It is useful in further process optimization. The paper presents a practical application to the treatment of process condensate in a synthesis ammonia plant to illustrate the procedure, and the calculation result demonstrates the feasibility, practicability, and effectiveness of the suggested method.     

Interaction of a High‐Velocity Steel Projectile with a High‐Porous Copper–Duralumin Two‐Layer Bumper

The impact of a steel sphere 2 mm in diameter flying with a velocity of 2–7.3 km/sec on a twolayer bumper is considered. The first layer of the bumper is made of finely disperse copper powder with a density of 2.8 g/cm³, and the second layer is made of Duralumin. For identical impact velocities of 3–5 km/sec and identical thicknesses and areal densities of the bumpers, the twolayer bumper leads to better failure of the steel projectile than the Duralumin bumper. In the case of the twolayer bumper used, the maximum penetration depth of fragments into the witness plate and the number of the largest craters are smaller. The order of the bumper layers does not exert any noticeable effect on projectile failure. With the impact velocity increased to 7 km/sec, the difference in shielding properties of the bumpers almost vanishes.     

Hybrid systems in seawater desalination—practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives

Ever since seawater desalination has been applied on an industrial scale, and particular in the countries of the Arabian Gulf, the application of desalination processes in dual-purpose facilities—water and power—as a hybrid configuration has been discussed in many feasibility investigations and also planning concepts. It is above all the combination of reverse osmosis with thermal processes that has found increasing interest with the aim of ensuring, as economically as possible, uniform water supplies under the specific, greatly varying load conditions in the Gulf countries. Such design concepts for hybrid configurations encompass straightforward structures with a low degree of coupling between membrane and thermal desalination processes, but range up to very complex configurations with strong interconnections on both the water side and thermally, as well as with several desalination processes connected in series or in parallel. Classical hybrid concepts in which the permeate from an RO desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination have already been implemented in Saudi Arabian dual-purpose plants, like Jeddah and Yanbu-Medina. Although hybrid systems of greater complexity have been addressed in many design studies and publications, up to now none has been brought to fruition. Coming into consideration asthe design basis for determining the capacity shares of the various desalination processes operated in a hybrid configuration are: arrangement of thermal cycle of the power plant component; water/power ratio of the dual-purpose seawater desalination and power plant; provision of undiminished water production of the desalination plant as electricity generation varies; provision of a specified drinking water quality with regard to composition and salt content; combination of all these aspects. Also gaining in importance are concerns of environmental pollution and sustainable development when selecting seawater desalination and power plant configurations, as well as their optimization when considering desalination and electricity generation as a whole. In the practical design of hybrid membrane and thermal systems, aspects come to light, though, that restrict linking of the two systems and joint utilization of facilities, as conceived in studies and conceptual design investigations. This applies both for common utilization of intakes and the use of heated up cooling water from thermal processes as a feed stream for the RO part of the desalination process. Additionally, requirements of drinking water composition, particularly chloride content, TDS and compliance with a specific residual content of boron, influence specifically the design of the membrane process part and its share in the total desalination capacity. Such practical aspects have greatly influenced the design and configuration of the Fujairah hybrid plant for which, from a total desalination capacity of 100 MIGD (454,600 m³/d), the share of 37.5 MIGD (170,500 m³/d) makes its seawater RO plant the biggest currently being constructed anywhere in the world. From the findings of the engineering of this plant and the idea that, by increasing interconnection between the two processes on the water side, it is possible to advance a hybrid configuration of this type with regard to cost optimization in the membrane installation, but also by joint utilization of the intake equipment, perspectives result for applied research efforts over the near and long terms, for example: long-term behavior of membranes at elevated temperatures; tendency for biofouling in membrane process with common utilization of cooling water and brine; influences of such interconnections on the overall availability of the facility. But also for the operation and maintenance organization of such large facilities, consequences can be foreseen for the future development of hybrid plants, particularly for operation management and organisation of the interplay of the different power plant and desalination systems, monitoring of SWRO membrane replacement and cleaning, as well as controlling water quality.     

壁面曲率及过冷度对液滴铺展特性的影响

从覆冰类型及危害来看,雨凇对于导线产生的危害是最为严重和致命的。液滴撞击壁面的动力学特性对于相变凝固过程中的热质传递有重要影响,进而影响导线覆冰的特性。通过对比液滴撞击常温及过冷弯曲壁面过程中的液滴行为演变的异同,获得了表面过冷度和曲率大小对液滴铺展行为的影响规律。实验结果表明,随着圆柱曲面曲率的增加,周向上液膜铺展更好,轴向上液膜铺展更差。对于低温壁面上液滴的铺展过程,增加表面的过冷度,液滴的铺展更差,液滴振荡弛豫时间更短,表层液膜结冰速率加快。然而,低温壁面上液滴的铺展好于常温壁面上液滴的铺展,通过分析温度对液滴表面张力和黏性的影响规律,推论在铺展过程中,较低的壁面温度使得液滴底层快速形成了一层冰膜,改变了液固之间的界面能,使得液滴更易于铺展。在液滴回缩阶段,可明显观察到底层结冰的现象。该结论可为导线雨凇结冰提供理论参考。     

水环境下混凝土动态抗压特性试验研究

为了了解混凝土在水环境下的力学性能,采用φ300 mm×600 mm的圆柱体试件,在10 MN大型多功能液压伺服静动力三轴仪上进行不同应变速率(10-5/s、10-3/s、10-2/s)下的饱和混凝土单轴压缩试验和循环孔隙水压预处理后的混凝土常三轴压缩试验,对比分析不同加载方式对混凝土基本力学参数与损伤破坏特性的影响,并基于水环境下的作用机理对试验现象作出解释,研究表明:相对于饱和单轴加载,常三轴作用下的混凝土峰值应力更高,峰值应变更大;围压作用下,随着孔隙水循环次数的增加,混凝土的峰值应力增大,循环孔隙水压作用对混凝土的率敏感性具有促进作用;不同加载方式的损伤组合图中,单轴作用下,混凝土损伤路径最短,损伤变量的增加速度最快;常三轴作用下,不同循环孔隙水压作用下混凝土的损伤路径由于应变速率的提高发生了变化.     

双核二茂铁衍生物(DFD)分子结构对超细AP/DFD二元体系撞击感度的影响

从双核二茂铁衍生物(DFD)分子结构入手,分析了DFD与AP之间的反应特性,研究了DFD分子结构特性与超细AP/DFD二元体系撞击感度间的结构-性能关系。找到了用于分析DFD与AP之间反应特性的DFD分子特征参数。结果表明,双核二茂铁衍生物负电性二茂铁基的静电势、NH_4~+-DFD分子平均结合能与超细AP/DFD二元体系的撞击感度直接相关。由于DFD分子结构的差异,桥联基团为亚甲撑的DFD组和对称性分子结构的DFD组的两个参数与超细AP/DFD二元体系撞击感度的相关性不同。对于桥联基团为亚甲撑的DFD,分子中负电性二茂铁基的静电势越小,NH_4~+-DFD分子平均结合能越大,超细AP/DFD混合物的撞击感度越高;对于对称性DFD,负电性二茂铁基的静电势和NH_4~+-DFD分子的平均结合能越小,DFD分子的前线轨道能级越大,超细AP/DFD混合物的撞击感度越高。