Uncertainty in airflow rate calculations due to the use of surface-averaged pressure coefficients

Mean wind pressure coefficients (C_p) are key input parameters for air infiltration and ventilation studies. However, building energy simulation and stand-alone airflow network programs usually only provide and/or use a limited amount of C_p data, which are based on several assumptions. An important assumption consists of using surface-averaged C_p values instead of local C_p values with a high resolution in space. This paper provides information on the uncertainty in the calculated airflow rate due to the use of surface-averaged C_p data. The study is performed using published empirical data on pressure coefficients obtained from extensive wind tunnel experiments. The uncertainty is assessed based on the comparison of the airflow rate (?) calculated using the surface-averaged C_p values (?_AV) and the airflow rate calculated using local C_p values (?_LOC). The results indicate that the uncertainty with a confidence interval of 95% is high: 0.23 ?_AV < ?_LOC < 5.07 ?_AV. In cases with the largest surface-averaged ΔC_p, the underestimation or overestimation is smaller but not negligible: 0.52 ?_AV < ?_LOC < 1.42 ?_AV. These results provide boundaries for future improvements in C_p data quality, and new developments can be evaluated by comparison with the uncertainty of the current methods.     

改进的集对分析水质综合评价方法

针对标准集对分析存在的同异反评语细化问题,利用原创联系度可展性对其进行改进,并建立了地表水水质评价模型,可以得到评价样本对于各水质评价等级的优劣趋同程度。并与模糊评价相结合应用于山西省地表水质评价,并引入差异系数来优化评价指标体系,利用熵权系数法和超标倍数赋权法求得指标的综合权重。将评价结果与灰色聚类法、综合指标法、模糊神经网络法和投影寻踪法的评价结果进行比较,结果表明：改进后的的集对分析评价结果更贴近实际情况,为水环境分析提供了一种更为科学、合理的评价和决策方法,具有良好的应用前景。     

压缩机启动器保护器备用保护系统(IBPS)的市场趋势研究

本文针对冰箱、空调及其压缩机存在的安全保护问题,介绍了压缩机PTC启动器和过载保护器(业内简称两器)的备用保护系统(IBPS)的概念与由来,就市场中现有的IBPS阐述工作原理,分析了亚洲各国的市场需求,并对未来几年IBPS在市场上的需求量作了分析和预测。随着家电企业对安全要求的进一步提高,在日本、韩国企业广泛接受的背景下,IBPS会越来越多地被中国及全球各国家电行业采用。     

A sub‐1V supply CMOS voltage reference generator

An integrated sub‐1V voltage reference generator, designed in standard 90‐nm CMOS technology, is presented in this paper. The proposed voltage reference circuit consists of a conventional bandgap core based on the use of p‐n‐p substrate vertical bipolar devices and a voltage‐to‐current converter. The former produces a current with a positive temperature coefficient (TC), whereas the latter translates the emitter‐base voltage of the core p‐n‐p bipolar device to a current with a negative TC. The circuit includes two operational amplifiers with a rail‐to‐rail output stage for enabling stable and robust operation overall process and supply voltage variations while it employs a total resistance of less than 600 K Ω. Detailed analysis is presented to demonstrate that the proposed circuit technique enables die area reduction. The presented voltage reference generator exhibits a PSRR of 52.78 dB and a TC of 23.66ppm/^°C in the range of ? 40 and 125^°C at the typical corner case at 1 V. The output reference voltage of 510 mV achieves a total absolute variation of ± 3.3% overall process and supply voltage variations and a total standard deviation, σ, of 4.5 mV, respectively, in the temperature range of ? 36 and 125^°C. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种高性能CMOS带隙基准电压源的设计

本文提出了一种采用0.25μm CMOS工艺的高性能的带隙基准参考源。该电路结构简单,性能较好。用模拟软件进行仿真,在tt模型下,其温度系数为9.6 ppm/℃,电源抑制比(PSRR)为-56 dB,电压拉偏特性为384 ppm/V。而在其它模型下,也有较低的温度系数和较高的电源抑制比。     

高原地区数据中心海拔因素对供电系统设计的影响

本文分析了高原海拔和空气等环境因素对数据中心高低压变配电系统、通信电源系统、后备柴油发电机组等电源设备的影响,对高原数据中心的供电设计进行了探讨,提出高原地区数据中心电源设计中应对高原特殊环境采用的应对技术措施。     

低于1×10-6/℃的低压CMOS带隙基准电流源

提出了一种新颖的CMOS带隙基准电流源的二阶曲率补偿技术,通过增加一个运算跨导放大器(OTA),使带隙基准参考电路的电流特性与理论分析相符合,实现低温度系数(TC)的参考电流。该电路采用SMIC0.13μm标准CMOS工艺,可在1.2 V的电源电压下工作,有效面积为0.045 mm2。仿真结果表明,在-40～85℃温度范围内参考电流的温度系数为0.5×10-6/℃;当电源电压为1.1 V时,电路依然可以正常工作,电源电压调整率为1 mV/V。     

稀土元素Pr替位改性的高温CaBi_2Nb_2O_9压电陶瓷

采用普通陶瓷工艺制备了由稀土元素Pr替位改性的高温Ca1-xPrxBi2Nb2O9(x=0～0.100)无铅压电陶瓷,研究了Pr含量对CaBi2Nb2O9(CBNO)压电陶瓷介电及压电性能的影响。结果表明:Pr对Ca的替换明显提高了CBNO压电陶瓷的压电性能。其中,Pr含量x为0.050的Ca0.95Pr0.05Bi2Nb2O9压电陶瓷表现出最好的压电性能,其压电常数d33高达14pC/N,且在800℃以下表现出良好的温度稳定性。     

一种带隙基准电压源设计

基准电压源是在电路系统中为其它功能模块提供高精度的电压基准,它是模拟集成电路和混合集成电路中非常重要的模块。文中主要研究了带隙基准基本原理的基础上,设计了一款应用于折叠插值ADC中粗量化电路部分CMOS带隙基准源。最后通过Pspice仿真给出了实验仿真的结果。     

基于特征矩阵匹配的干扰效果评估方法

针对相关性评估准则在实际应用中存在敏感于目标旋转等问题,提出了一种新的基于特征矩阵匹配的干扰效果评估方法。该方法不是直接计算干扰前后图像的相关系数,而是经过图像变换得到一个具有旋转不变性的特征矩阵,然后计算特征矩阵的相关系数,其结果能够反映图像受干扰后失真的程度,而且评估结果具有客观、定量和归一化的优点。最后就射频噪声干扰和噪声调频干扰两种噪声干扰样式进行了干扰仿真,仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性和可行性。