Propagation of the Chain Explosive‐Decomposition Reaction in Silver Azide Crystals

The velocity of the chain explosivedecomposition reaction in silver azide whiskes has been measured (1500 m/sec). The measured velocity is identified as the propagation velocity of the diffusion front of holes generated in the course of explosive decomposition.     

水流掺气对明流泄洪洞及挑坎水力特性的影响

水流充分掺气可以避免高流速泄洪设施发生空蚀,但也会改变相关水力特性。通过对某大坝泄洪洞掺气设施水力模型试验及关于水流表面自掺气发生条件的相关分析,提出了在全程流速超过38 m/s,长度达550 m的明流洞内仅布置一级掺气设施的建议,较通常情况减少了两级;并针对泄洪洞出流方向与河道流向交角达60°的特点,研究提出了一种大差动异型鼻坎消能工。水工模型试验成果表明,其挑流水舌沿河道纵向扩散良好,水舌外缘与河道对岸保持了30 m以上的安全距离。该泄洪洞建成后经历了高水头、较长时间的泄洪运行,明流洞和鼻坎消能工均无空蚀发生,但挑坎水舌却冲刷到对岸边坡。     

"大肚子"环空液体流动规律的实验研究

针对现场固井在"大肚子"环空段封固质量较差的情况,本文研制了含有"大肚子"环空段的注水泥(液体)流动模拟实验装置。利用该装置,研究井径扩大率、流量、液体流变性能等对"大肚子"环空处的流速场的影响规律。得到了不同情况下(井径扩大率、流量、液体流变性能等变化)"大肚子"环空段不同位置径向截面的流速曲线变化情况,为研究"大肚子"环空段的顶替机理提供了一定的数据资料。     

Detonation velocity of BTNEN/Al

The effect of the addition of Al on the detonation velocity of bis(2,2,2-trinitroethyl) nitramine (BTNEN) was studied experimentally. It is shown that the dependence of the detonation velocity of BTNEN on the initial density is nearly linear, and a 75/25 BTNEN/Al mixture is characterized by an increase in the slope of the dependence with increasing density. The addition of Al decreases the detonation velocity of BTNEN. The density range characterized by a maximum decrease in the detonation velocity is determined. A comparison of experimental detonation velocities of BTNEN/Al mixtures with literature data obtained by calculations taking into account a possible change in the phase state of Al₂O₃ showed that the thermodynamic model used in the calculations needs to be improved. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 125–130, July–August, 2006.     

Particle velocity and solids circulation rate in a jet-spouted bed

Radial distribution of particle velocities, solids circulation rate and radial variation in bed voidage in a jet-spouted bed were investigated in a 0.2 m diameter conical-cylindrical column. The upward particle velocity is strongly dependent on gas velocity and its radial profile is the Gaussian. The solids circulation rates are of the same order of magnitude as those in a conventional spouted bed and are proportional to the gas velocity. Estimation of the variation in bed voidage in the radial direction revealed that the annulus voidage of about 0.90 was greater than the spout voidage of around 0.70. This tendency is contrary to that in a conventional spouted bed.     

Sliding‐Mode Velocity Control of a Two‐Wheeled Self‐Balancing Vehicle

Underactuated vehicles are those in which the number of control inputs is less than the degrees of freedom to be controlled. Using actuated wheels, velocity control of the two‐wheeled self‐balancing vehicle drives the vehicle at a desired speed and balances the body of the vehicle. First, we investigate the effects of friction on the wheel and derive the hybrid model of rolling and slipping. Second, we propose a nonlinear sliding mode velocity control scheme for the pure rolling model of the two‐wheeled vehicle. We present the design of the corresponding sliding surfaces and internal dynamics of the two‐wheeled vehicle. Our stability analysis reveals that the proposed sliding mode method can guarantee the asymptotic stability of the error dynamics for velocity control of the underactuated vehicle. Compared to linear optimal control, our numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed sliding mode schemes can effectively control the velocity under the circumstances of parametric variations, emergency braking, and rapid acceleration in slippery road conditions. The proposed velocity control and the simulation improve our understanding on designing velocity control of the two‐wheeled self‐balancing vehicle.     

淤浆鼓泡床中固体粒子的悬浮特性

研究了三相鼓泡床中的临界固含率,以空气作气相,水、乙醇-水、丙酮-水、萜松醇-二甲苯作液相,石英砂、煤、雷奈镍作为固相。分析了鼓泡柱的高径比、气体速度、固体粒子的大小和比重、液体的粘度对临界固含率的影响,提出了含有这些参数的无因次数群的关联式,讨论了本文提出的关联式和文献报导的差别。     

气固下行流化床反应器Ⅱ气固两相的流动规律

气固下行流化床反应器气固两相流动过程是比较复杂的，沿轴向气固两相运动可分为第一加速、第二加速和恒速３个运动段，沿径向局部气体速度、颗粒速度和颗粒浓度都具有不同程度的不均匀性。而这种不均匀性是由气固两相顺重力场湍动运动所决定的。和循环床提升管相比，下行管反应器气固两相沿径向分布的不均匀性得到有效地改善，气固可以实现超短接触操作，因而是一种新型高效气固超短接触反应器     

Near Wall Studies of Pulp Suspension Flow Using LDA

A detailed study of the flow behaviour in the near wall region of pulp suspensions up to 4.7% have been performed using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) in pipe flow. Axial mean velocity profiles show a distinct plug flow and an increase of the plug region as the flow rate decreases and fibre concentration increases. An attempt is made to relate the LDA data‐rate to fibre concentration, which indicates a dilution region at 1‐2 mm from the wall that is larger than the annulus region. The dilution region increases with increasing flow rate, decreasing concentration and when using longer pulp fibres.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In situ</Emphasis> monitoring of solid fat content by means of pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and ultrasonics

An ultrasonic technique was developed to study the crystallization process of edible fats on-line. A chirp wave was used instead of the conventional pulser signal, thus achieving a higher signal-to-noise ratio. This enabled measurements to be made in concentrated systems [≈20% solid fat content (SFC)] through a 8.11-cm thick sample without significant signal loss. Fat samples were crystallized at 20, 25, and 30°C at a constant agitation rate of 400 rpm for 90 min. The crystallization process was followed by ultrasonic spectroscopy and a low-resolution pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. Specific relationships were found between ultrasonic parameters [integrated response, time of flight (TF), and full width half maximum] and SFC. TF, which is an indirect measurement of the ultrasonic velocity (v), was highly correlated to SFC (r ²>0.9) in a linear fashion (v=2.601 SFC+1433.0).