PIII treatment of Ti alloys and NiTi for medical applications

PIII is a powerful method to obtain hard and wear resistant surface on Ti alloys and NiTi by oxygen or nitrogen implantation. By adjusting the temperature, treatment time and heating regime, different phase compositions and layer thickness can be obtained. Depending on the specific system, a strong influence of the resulting microstructure on the wear and fatigue properties was observed. By considering these restrictions, successful animal tests can be designed and executed, as shown in this review article.     

Work function variations of incandescent filaments during self-cooling in vacuum

A novel method of dynamic measurement of work function (WF) variations of hot metal filaments is described. It is essential in this method that electron emission current (I_e) is recorded during filament self-cooling when no heating power is supplied, thereby I_e is not disturbed by the potential gradient along the filament. WF shift due to the presence of a low-pressure gas, where the main active compounds are O₂ and H₂O, is calculated from an equation derived on the basis of the Richardson formula. The relative increase of WF found by this method was 5 times larger for tungsten than that for tantalum over the entire temperature range from 900 to 1800 K. Our method may be used in research studies of adsorption-related phenomena on metallic surfaces at high temperatures.     

Thermal Inactivation of Microorganisms

This paper serves as an overview of various aspects of thermal processing. Heat processing of foods has a long history and is still one of the most important preservation methods. To guarantee microbiological safety and stability, large safety margins are often applied in traditional heat processes. Because of the need for more fresh like foods, there is a need for milder preservation methods without compromising on safety and stability. The review deals with heat resistance data and mathematical models that describe heat inactivation. The effects of food composition are not yet fully clear and more knowledge of the cell physiology of the target microorganism could be of help in predicting the effects of food constituents. Finally, special attention has been paid to biological time temperature indicators to enable proper process calculations.     

酶解法增加红衣花生奶中游离锌的研究

将植酸酶这种新型食品添加剂应用于红衣花生奶,以提高其游离锌含量。研究结果表明,最佳酶解工艺条件是:植酸酶10(U/g花生)、温度50℃、时间1h,所得产品游离锌释放率达32.9%,游离锌含量是未酶解产品的2.8倍,产品风味正常。     

Susceptibility of anthocyanins to ex vivo degradation in human saliva

Some fruits and their anthocyanin-rich extracts have been reported to exhibit chemopreventive activity in the oral cavity. Insights regarding oral metabolism of anthocyanins remain limited. Anthocyanin-rich extracts from blueberry, chokeberry, black raspberry, red grape, and strawberry were incubated ex vivo with human saliva from 14 healthy subjects. All anthocyanins were partially degraded in saliva. Degradation of chokeberry anthocyanins in saliva was temperature dependent and decreased by heating saliva to 80 °C and after removal of cells. Glycosides of delphinidin and petunidin were more susceptible to degradation than those of cyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin and malvidin in both intact and artificial saliva. Stability of di- and tri-saccharide conjugates of anthocyanidins slightly, but significantly, exceeded that of monosaccharide compounds. Ex vivo degradation of anthocyanins in saliva was significantly decreased after oral rinsing with antibacterial chlorhexidine. These results suggest that anthocyanin degradation in the mouth is structure-dependent and largely mediated by oral microbiota.     

受阻胺光稳定剂GW-944z

受阻胺光稳定剂GW-944因其独特的分子结构,不仅具有优秀的光稳定性,还具有很好的热稳定性、耐水解抗抽提性、对人体无毒无害等优点,是经美国FDA批准可用于食品包装材料的助剂.本产品可用于农用塑料棚膜、聚丙烯纤维以及其他农塑制品.     

Fusion reactions in high-density hydrogen: A fast route to small-scale fusion?

High-density atomic hydrogen, which is believed to be a quantum liquid, can be formed by heterogeneous catalysis at the surface of hydrogen-transfer metal oxide catalysts. Extensive studies have been made of the hydrogen phase named H(1), with interatomic distance of 150 pm found by Coulomb explosion measurements. This bond distance corresponds to a material density of 0.5–0.7 kg dm⁻³. The use of this material as fusion target for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is proposed in J Fusion Energy 2008;27:296–300. A much denser hydrogen (deuterium) material D(−1) also exists with an interatomic distance of 2.3 pm. This material is probably the inverse of metallic D(1), where nuclei and electrons exchange their roles. The ICF process would be greatly simplified if the intended initial multi-laser compression stage was not necessary. The close-packed density of D(−1) is calculated from the bond distance as >130 kg cm⁻³. This is much higher than that required for “fast ignition” laser-driven fusion (>0.3 kg cm⁻³). It may mean that a method already exists to prepare dense hydrogen fuel for small-scale laser-driven fusion. The high energy particles observed experimentally (up to 150 keV/atomic mass unit in the peak or 10⁹ K) indicate that high energy processes exist at relatively low laser intensities.     

基于状态观测器的逆变器数字双环控制技术研究

该文首先比较了逆变器模型与直流电机模型的相似性，提出逆变器的控制可以借鉴直流电机的双闭环控制方法。然后针对输出电压的交叉反馈作用，采用了控制对象的解耦，消除了输出电压对内环的影响，简化了问题。数字控制具有很多优点，但是它引入的采样延时和计算延时对系统的性能影响很大。为了提高控制的实时性和鲁棒性，建立了基于改进z变换的状态观测器和扰动观测器，合理设计其极点，可以得到无差拍观测器，并在此基础上实现内环电容电流的无差拍控制。考虑内环的快速性，外环可以采用简单的比例调节器，从而整个数字双环控制系统的设计非常简单。最后，实验证明这种方法可以保证良好静态和动态性能，在非线性负载下，也能得到良好的输出电压波形。     

用Chirp—z变换获得雷达目标回波波形特征

探讨了高分辨率雷达视频回波波形特征．提出对回波信号作Ｃｈｉｒｐ－ｚ变换,以提高频谱的分辨率．还对两类实测毫米波高分辨率雷达目标回波波形进行了Ｃｈｉｒｐ－ｚ变换及Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换,并对两类结果进行了比较,结果证明对雷达回波波形作Ｃｈｉｒｐ－ｚ变换获得的视频波形特征既满足同一目标特征稳定性,又容易区分两类不同目标．     

A study of decoupling with skeleton matrix in two‐degree‐of‐freedom generalized minimum variance control

There are many multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) systems in chemical plants, and they have multiple time delays of different length in each input and output pair. This paper explains a two‐degree‐of‐freedom (2DOF) control system based on generalized minimum variance control (GMVC) for MIMO systems. It can improve the tracking performance with respect to the reference signals and the response properties for the disturbance. The states between the sampling period can be expressed by using the modified z transform to take account of multiple time delays. Additionally, a tracking controller is designed to decouple the plant. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(1): 28–36, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21046