Constructal optimization for an organic fluid shell-and-tube condenser based on entransy theory

A complex function composed of linear weighted sum of the entransy dissipation rate (EDR) caused by heat transfer and total pumping power is established in this paper. Under the conditions of fixed total condensation rate and heat transfer area, constructal optimization of a shell-and-tube condenser (STC) with organic fluid is carried out by taking minimum complex function as optimization objective. The minimum complex function and the optimal external diameter of the condensation tube are obtained. The results show that compared with the initial design construct, the optimal construct of the STC increases the total EDR caused by heat transfer by 10.70%, and reduces the total pumping power and complex function by 54.94% and 6.46%, respectively. This illustrates that the complex function sacrifices a certain heat transfer performance, and improves the fluid flow performance evidently, which leads to the overall performance improvement of the STC. The twice minimization of the complex function can be realized by choosing an appropriate number of the condensation tubes. New guidelines for the optimal structure designs of the STCs are provided by introducing entransy theory into constructal optimizations of the organic fluid STCs, and this method can be further extended to the optimal designs of the cycle systems with organic fluids.     

两相区部分奥氏体化对连续退火双相钢相变过程的影响

将连续退火双相钢部分奥氏体化与完全奥氏体化后的CCT曲线进行对比分析,讨论了部分奥氏体化的影响。结果表明:部分奥氏体化后,该钢铁素体和贝氏体转变区的范围扩大,珠光体转变受到抑制且晶粒尺寸减小,马氏体转变的开始温度从368℃下降到349℃;部分奥氏体化时马氏体的转变温度区域大于完全奥氏体化时的。     

EB-PVD制备钛合金薄板渗铝相结构转变研究

对电子束物理气相沉积（EB-PVD）技术制备的钛合金薄板进行粉末包埋法渗铝，研究不同温度渗铝后的相结构转变规律。结果表明：制备态合金薄板相结构为Ti和Ti3Al，材料组织致密均匀，X射线衍射峰发生宽化，具有不对称性。在较低温度（600℃和620℃）渗铝后薄板两边的相结构变为Al3Ti相，但薄板的中心部位仍然为制备态的Ti3Al相，两边的Al3Ti组织和中心部位的Ti3Al组织都很均匀致密。在两相之间，存在清晰、平整的界面。在较高温度（700℃）渗铝后薄板的相结构为A13Ti，此时整个板材都被渗穿，组织均匀致密，并在局部小区域内出现铝元素的富集。     

Improving the Quality of Thermocouple Wire Made of Platinum-rhodium Alloys

For the manufacture of S-type thermocouple the so-called thermocouple wire of platinum and platinum-rhodium alloy is used.One of the main technical requirements for the quality of the wire,according to State Standard of Russia(GOST 10821),is the uniformity of its largest thermoelectric force(Thermo-emf) in the length different sections.It was found that a determining impact on the uniformity of the wire thermo-emf is the distribution of rhodium along the length of the wire.The impact of platinum-rhodium melt crystallization conditions on the inhomogeneity of wire manufactured from it.It was suggested that the chemical inhomogeneity of the wire is related to the liquation phase of platinum-rhodium alloy.     

不同稀土含量的铝合金牺牲阳极的显微组织研究

浇铸了4种不同RE含量的Al-Zn-In-Sn-Mg合金牺牲阳极.利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析,确定了4种合金的晶粒尺寸、偏析相数量及其成分.结果表明:随着RE含量的增加,铝合金的晶粒变小,偏析相的数量先增加后减少;偏析相主要为晶界析出物和弥散相;RE含量不同时,晶界析出物不同;细化阳极晶粒最佳RE含量0.5%,0.3%RE时阳极偏析相数量最多.     

Energy Deposition around Swift Carbon-Ion Tracks in Liquid Water

Energetic carbon ions are promising projectiles used for cancer radiotherapy. A thorough knowledge of how the energy of these ions is deposited in biological media (mainly composed of liquid water) is required. This can be attained by means of detailed computer simulations, both macroscopically (relevant for appropriately delivering the dose) and at the nanoscale (important for determining the inflicted radiobiological damage). The energy lost per unit path length (i.e., the so-called stopping power) of carbon ions is here theoretically calculated within the dielectric formalism from the excitation spectrum of liquid water obtained from two complementary approaches (one relying on an optical-data model and the other exclusively on ab initio calculations). In addition, the energy carried at the nanometre scale by the generated secondary electrons around the ion’s path is simulated by means of a detailed Monte Carlo code. For this purpose, we use the ion and electron cross sections calculated by means of state-of-the art approaches suited to take into account the condensed-phase nature of the liquid water target. As a result of these simulations, the radial dose around the ion’s path is obtained, as well as the distributions of clustered events in nanometric volumes similar to the dimensions of DNA convolutions, contributing to the biological damage for carbon ions in a wide energy range, covering from the plateau to the maximum of the Bragg peak.     

相干态光场的位相涨落

根据Pegg-Barnett位相理论,推导出相干态光场的位相概率分布函数,计算出位相涨落,并利用MATHEMATICA对相干态光场的位相函数和位相涨落进行了数值模拟,画出了示意图.结果表明位相函数同时受e指数函数和幂指数函数的制约,从均匀分布到泊松分布到均匀分布,直至呈现零分布;在位相变化的一个周期内,相干态位相分布曲线出现涨落,涨落同时受参考位相和相干系数的影响,随着n值的增加,曲线趋向于高斯分布.     

Lactobionic acid as antioxidant and moisturizing active in alkyl polyglucoside-based topical emulsions: the colloidal structure, stability and efficacy evaluation

Cosmeceutical antioxidants may protect the skin against oxidative injury, involved in the pathogenesis of many skin disorders. However, an unsuitable topical delivery system with compromising safety profile can affect the efficacy of an antioxidant active. This study investigated the antioxidant potential of lactobionic acid (LA), a newer cosmeceutical active, per se (in solution) and incorporated into natural alkyl polyglucoside (APG) emulsifier-based system using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The α-tocopherol was used as a reference compound. The physical stability (using rheology, polarization microscopy, pH and conductivity measurements) of an Alkyl glucoside-based emulsion was evaluated with and without the active (LA); colloidal structure was assessed using polarization and transmission electron microscopy, rheology, thermal and texture analysis. Additionally, the safety profile and moisturizing potential were investigated using the methods of skin bioengineering. Good physical stability and applicative characteristics were obtained although LA strongly influenced the colloidal structure of the vehicle. LA per se and in APG-based emulsion showed satisfying antioxidant activity that promotes it as mild multifunctional cosmeceutical efficient in the treatment and prevention of the photoaged skin. Employed assays were shown as suitable for the antioxidant activity evaluation of LA in APG-based emulsions, but not for α-tocopherol in the same vehicle.     

NI数据采集卡和Labview编程在实现感应测井仪中的应用

基于Labview编程语言,实现了感应测井仪的虚拟化设计,详细介绍了感应测井仪核心部件相敏检波器的工作原理和相敏检波器Labview的设计方法,并通过六线圈系在单元环的纵向和径向实验得到的实验曲线,证明了用Labview实现的感应测井仪有很好的工作性能。