Effects of temperature and pressure in oxynitridation kinetics on Si(100) with N2O gas

We have investigated oxynitridation of Si(100) surfaces with nitrous oxide (N₂O) gas in a wide range of substrate temperatures (600–1000 °C) and N₂O pressures (10⁻²–10² Pa). The growth rate and atomic composition of the oxynitride layer have been measured by in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface morphology of the oxynitride layer has been also observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that in higher N₂O pressure (>1 Pa) regime, the nitridation reaction is suppressed by the oxide layer, which quickly forms on the surface. On the other hand, in lower pressure (<1 Pa) and higher substrate temperature (>900 °C) regime, the nitridation reaction strongly occurs because of the active oxidation (etching reaction), which causes the surface roughness. It is found by argon-ion-sputtering measurements that the nitride layer locally exists only near the surface at the reduced N₂O pressure. We discuss qualitatively the oxynitridation kinetics and the effective condition for growing the oxynitride layer.     

Use of micellar extraction and cloud point preconcentration for valorization of saponins from sisal (Agave sisalana) waste

Sisal (Agave sisalana) is the main hard fiber produced worldwide, with an estimated generation of 400 thousands t in 2011. From its leaves, only the hard fibers, which represent 3–5% of their weight, are removed. The remaining 95–97% is referred to as sisal waste and contains steroidal saponins that can be potentially used in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals formulations, as well as for soil bioremediation. The present work aimed at to evaluate strategies for the extraction and concentration of saponins from sisal waste, focused on the use of clean solvents, such as water and ethanol. For this purpose, it was firstly performed a central composite rotatable design for the optimization of the extraction conditions followed by a comparison of this strategy with other methods (Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted extraction and micellar extraction). Cloud point preconcentration was then tested, using several types and concentrations of salts. The use of orbital shaker extraction (200 rpm) with an ethanolic solution (30%, v/v) at 50 °C, a mass/volume ratio sisal/solvent of 0.17 (g/mL) for 4 h allowed a recovery of 38.6% of the saponins. When a micellar extraction strategy using 7.5% (v/v) of Triton X-100, under the above-mentioned conditions was performed, saponins recovery raised to 98.4%. In a subsequent step, the addition of 20% (m/v) sodium carbonate led to a preconcentration factor of 20.3. The best adsorbent for Triton removal from the preconcentrated solution was Amberlite FPX-66. The process strategy proposed in the present study showed to be efficient for saponins extraction and preconcentration from a low-cost, highly available agricultural waste.     

Nanosponge-based pediatric-controlled release dry suspension of Gabapentin for reconstitution

Abstract

Context: Gabapentin was selected to formulate oral controlled release dry suspension because of short biological half life of 5–7?h and low bioavailability (60%). Gabapentin is a bitter drug so an attempt was made to mask its taste.

Objective: To formulate and evaluate controlled release dry suspension for reconstitution to increase the bioavailability and to control bitter taste of drug.

Materials and methods: Cyclodextrin based nanosponges were synthesized by previously reported melt method. The nanosponge–drug complexes were characterized by FTIR, DSC and PXRD as well as evaluated for taste and saturation solubility. The complexes were coated on Espheres by a suspension layering technique followed by coating with ethyl cellulose and Eudragit RS-100. A dry powder suspension for reconstitution of the microspheres was formulated and evaluated for taste, redispersibility, in vitro dissolution, sedimentation volume, leaching and pharmacokinetics.

Results and discussion: The complexes showed partial entrapment of drug nanocavities. Significant decrease in solubility (25%) was observed in the complexes than pure drug in different media. The microspheres of nanosponge complexes showed desired controlled release profile for 12?h. Insignificant drug leaching was observed in reconstituted suspension during storage for 7 days at 45?°C/75% RH. Nanosponges effectively masked the taste of Gabapentin and the coating polymers provided controlled release of the drug and enhanced taste masking. The results of in vivo studies showed increase in bioavailability of controlled release suspension by 24.09% as compared to pure drug.

Conclusion: The dry powder suspension loaded with microspheres of nanosponges complexes can be proposed as a suitable controlled release drug delivery for Gabapentin.     

PEIOO-RC管道专用料的发展及国内应用情况

本文简要介绍了聚乙烯（PE）压力管道材料的发展、耐开裂聚乙烯（PEl00一RC）材料的定义,PE压力管道混配料质量性能及要求,特别是PEl00一RC的关键技术要求、应用经济性能比较及绿色环境效益,还介绍了PEl00一RC管道在国内的应用情况。     

Development of mefenamic acid–loaded polymeric microparticles using solvent evaporation and spray-drying technique

Ethyl cellulose (EC) and Eudragit RL-100 (ERL-100) were used for the preparation of sustained released microparticles of mefenamic acid (MFN) by using oil-in-oil (o/o) solvent evaporation as well as spray drying. A Plackett-Burman design was employed using Design-Expert software. The resultant microparticles were characterized for their size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release. Imaging of microparticles was performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The drug and polymer interaction was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD). The microparticles showed encapsulation efficiency in the range of 29.44 to 89.20% by solvent evaporation and 83.73 to 96.69% by spray drying. The surface of the microparticles was smooth, round, and regular, without any erosion and cracking. The size of the microparticles was found to be in the range of 6.55 to 41.1 µm. FTIR analysis confirmed no interaction of MFN with the polymers. XRPD showed the dispersion of the drug within the microparticle formulation. These results helped in finding the optimum formulation variables for encapsulation efficiency (EE) of microparticles.     

基于AMESim的100%低地板轻轨车制动系统仿真研究

100%低地板轻轨车是目前城市轨道交通系统中发展十分迅速的交通形式。由于它采用低地板结构,导致车下空间狭小,需采用体积较小的液压制动系统。针对应用最普遍的2M1T模块的100%低地板轻轨车制动系统进行研究,在提出制动系统方案的基础上运用AMESim软件完成制动系统建模,选择超员载荷工况下的最大常用制动和紧急制动两种制动工况进行仿真分析,仿真结果验证了该方案的正确性,可对100%低地板轻轨车制动系统的研究与开发提供参考。     

Effect of Ionic Liquids on Surface and Aggregation Properties of Non-ionic Surfactant Triton™ X-100 in Aqueous Media

The effect of the hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide [bdmim][Br] and 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide [hdmim][Br] on the aggregation and surface active behaviour of the non-ionic surfactant Triton? X-100 (TX-100) was studied in aqueous media. Several aggregation properties of TX-100 + IL/water systems, such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface active parameters, aggregation number (N _agg) and aggregate size, were determined by surface tension, fluorescence and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. It was found that the average micellar size and aggregation number decrease, whereas the CMC increases with increasing concentration of ILs. Interestingly, the CMC value of TX-100 is reduced slightly below 0.5 wt% of both the ILs in the medium. At higher wt% of IL in the system the CMC increases. It was demonstrated that ILs [bdmim][Br] and [hdmim][Br] can be judiciously used at different wt% for modifying the physico-chemical properties of TX-100.     

淬火温度对电弧微铸锻AerMet100钢组织与性能的影响

采用OM、XRD、SEM、TEM和力学性能试验方法,研究了在885～1150℃范围内不同淬火温度对电弧微铸锻增材制造AerMet100超高强度钢组织及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,电弧微铸锻AerMet100钢原始态组织主要由板条马氏体和奥氏体组成,呈现出快速凝固的组织特征;随着淬火温度的升高,试验钢的凝固组织逐渐消失,当温度超过1050℃时基本上完全消除;断裂韧度随着淬火温度的升高表现出升高的趋势;抗拉强度和屈服强度随着淬火温度的升高没有明显变化;冲击吸收能量随着淬火温度的升高呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在淬火温度为1050℃时达到峰值。在试验温度范围内,1050℃左右淬火可获得优异的强韧性匹配,此时试验钢的断裂韧度为82.9 MPa·m^1/2,抗拉强度为2010 MPa,冲击吸收能量为50 J。     

交流干扰下不同组织X100钢在格尔木土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为

目的 使用不同组织X100钢模拟焊接接头,探究在格尔木土壤模拟环境下,交流干扰对X100管线钢焊接接头腐蚀行为的影响规律。方法 采用动电位极化曲线、恒电位极化曲线、浸泡实验及表面分析技术,对X100管线钢焊接接头的腐蚀行为进行系统研究。结果 动电位极化曲线表明,随着交流电流密度的增加,不同组织X100钢腐蚀电流密度呈增加的趋势,阴极由耗氧反应控制转变为由析氢反应主导。在交流干扰下,腐蚀速率V退火>V热轧>V正火,恒电位极化测试中,退火组织受到交流干扰的影响更为明显。不同组织X100钢腐蚀形态以局部腐蚀为主,且有不同程度的点蚀发生。退火组织的腐蚀坑数量多,尺寸大而深,点蚀多分布在珠光体与铁素体的晶界处,少数分布在珠光体内部;正火组织点蚀数量最少,尺寸最小;热轧组织中粒状贝氏体较多且呈弥散分布,有较多的小点蚀分布在粒状贝氏体聚集的区域。结论 不同组织X100管线钢因微观结构不同而导致其耐蚀性有所差异。交流干扰下,由于珠光体与铁素体组织形成的微电偶腐蚀较为严重,从而导致退火组织的耐腐蚀性最差;正火组织中M/A岛呈针状分布,粒状贝氏体相对较少,耐腐蚀性最好;热轧组织的耐蚀性居于退火组织与正火组织两者之间。     

超大型集装箱船用特厚止裂钢的发展

 超大型集装箱船用特厚止裂钢板由于优异的止裂韧性,能够显著减小复杂交变应力对甲板上部大开口部位形成的安全威胁。通过系统总结止裂韧性的评价体系、对比分析国内外超大型集装箱船舶的发展趋势和特厚止裂钢板的生产状况,综述了超大型集装箱船用特厚止裂钢板的显微组织特征和有可能实施的生产工艺。全厚度细小的等轴铁素体、多边形铁素体配合有限的细化贝氏体及心部γ线上的织构强化是改善特厚钢板止裂韧性的关键。东北大学提出的NEU-Rolling控轧工艺能够解决TMCP态特厚止裂钢板的生产难题。