Applications and control of air conditioning systems using rapid cycling to modulate capacity

Rapid cycling the compressor of an air conditioning or refrigeration system can be used to modulate capacity, thus offering an alternative to a variable speed compressor. This paper explores design tradeoffs to optimize rapid cycling performance based on experimental results using two different evaporators and changing other components of an air conditioning system. Rapid cycling has inherent compressor lift penalties associated with larger mass flow rates, which need to be minimized. Preventing dryout (superheating) in the evaporator during the off cycle, a major penalty as cycles are lengthened, is also important. Evaporator dryout is minimized by increasing the refrigerant side area and reducing off cycle drainage. Combining a flash gas bypass with a suction line heat exchanger was found to maximize performance during the off cycle while allowing increased cycle lengths without incurring major penalties.     

Hydrogen energy from coupled waste gasification and cement production—a thermochemical concept study

A plant concept for hydrogen production from waste gasification coupled with cement manufacturing is presented. Hot precalcined cement meal, from the operating cement process, is used as heat carrier to provide energy required by the parallel arranged gasifier. The amount of CaO present in the cement meal operates simultaneously as an effective in situ _CO2${\mathrm{CO}}_2$-sorbent. First, a practical case study was devised to be able to perform simulations for estimation of expected hydrogen yield. The influence of different operation parameters of the gasifier and the hydrogen separation unit (steam-to-fuel ratio, pyrolysis temperature, PSA efficiency) was studied based on chemical equilibrium calculations. The simulation results indicate, that the coupling provides advantages for both processes. The production of a hydrogen-rich gas via thermal gasification benefits from the continuously available fresh CaO, which improves fuel conversion reactions and captures _CO2${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ in situ. High-calorific streams from gasification process remaining after hydrogen separation may substitute fossil fuels needed for cement process. For a steam/fuel ratio of 0.3 and a PSA efficiency of 0.7, the calculated hydrogen energy yield is 46% of fuel energy input.     

First-principles optical calculations of AsNMg3 and SbNMg3

The structural, electronic and optical properties of antiperovskite semiconductors AsNMg₃ and SbNMg₃ have been studied using the full-potential augmented plane wave plus local-orbital (APW+lo) method. The exchange correlation has been treated using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The equilibrium lattice constant and other structural properties have been determined. The AsNMg₃ is found to be a direct band gap semiconductor while SbNMg₃ is indirect. The results for electronic band structures, density of states, charge densities as well as optical properties are presented and discussed.     

Self-assembly of organic acid molecules on the metal oxide surface of a cupronickel alloy

Corrosion of the metal oxide surface of cupronickel (CuNi) alloys is a problem in applications such as household water pipes, industrial pipelines, and marine vessels. On other substrates, thin films have been used as barriers to corrosion. Here, the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the CuNi metal oxide surface has been investigated. Stable, well-ordered SAMs of octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) and 16-phosphonohexadecanoic acid (COOH-PA) were formed on the metal oxide surface of CuNi foils (55% Cu/45% Ni) using a solution deposition method. The ODPA modified surfaces could be used to provide a non-reactive barrier that inhibits corrosion of the CuNi metal oxide surface. Meanwhile, COOH-PA films could be used for further surface reactions such as surface initiated polymerization, in which polymer coatings are grown directly from a well-ordered film. Film-modified surfaces were characterized using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, contact angle analysis, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The ability of the films to inhibit corrosion by limiting oxidation of the CuNi surface was assessed using cyclic voltammetry.     

氧的同位素气体在NiO表面的热脱附的测定与分析

采用程序升温脱附实验方法测量氧的同位素C16O2,C18O2和18O2分别在Ni16O表面吸附后的脱附谱,其结果表明C16O2在Ni16O表面吸附后出现C16O2和C16O两个波峰,且C16O2和C16O的脱附量随C16O2气体暴露量增加而增加,其峰值温度随C16O2气体暴露量增加而减少,当C16O2气体覆盖度超过一定值后,C16O2和C16O脱附量趋于常数,其活化能分别是0.48 eV和0.42 eV。C18O2在Ni16O表面吸附后出现C16O2,C18O16O,C18O2三个波峰,这说明吸附气体C18O2与Ni16O表面发生氧同位素交换,随温度升高而脱附出C16O2;18O2在NiO表面吸附后主要以18O2脱附,说明了富18O2有相对抑制与Ni16O表面氧的同位素交换的作用。     

Symbol error rate calculation and data pre‐distortion for 16‐QAM transmission over nonlinear memoryless satellite channels

This paper presents a simplified mathematical approach to evaluate the performance of any given circular constellation of 16‐level quadrature amplitude modulation (16‐QAM) in terms of symbol error rate (SER). Following this approach, with the aim to work with memoryless nonlinear satellite channels, a model is derived as a generalized form for both linear and nonlinear channels in the presence of down link additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The analysis provides means to calculate the optimal ring ratio (RR) and phase difference (PD) for several possible candidates of 16‐QAM circular constellations. The effects of RR and PD on the SER performance are investigated in the analysis. To overcome the nonlinear distortion, data pre‐distortion is taken into account in the study. The paper gives a general procedure for data pre‐distortion implementation for all circular 16‐QAM constellations. The analytical formulation has been extended for total degradation (TD) performance measure as a function of input back‐off (IBO) of the nonlinear amplifier. A SER performance‐comparison between different constellations for 16‐QAM systems has also been presented in this paper. The analytical results are validated by simulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

IEEE 802.11e协议HCCA机制下的QoS研究

分析了IEEE 802.11e协议HCCA信道接入机制下的简单带宽调度算法对多媒体业务的QoS支持情况,指出其不足并在其基础上进行了改进,提出了一种基于业务等级的带宽调度算法E-HCCA（Enhanced HCCA）。E-HCCA对不同优先等级业务的数据在带宽分配上采用不同的策略,在优先保证各个节点CBR业务的基础上,根据节点的VBR流量动态平均分配剩余带宽。相比较简单调度算法,E-HCCA算法更好地支持了多用户下的语音业务流和视频业务流,降低了分组时延,增加了系统吞吐率。     

Effect of electrical parameters on the efficiency of the process of microarc oxidation of D69 aluminium alloy

Results of investigations of the effect of energy parameters on the process of micro-oxidation and the quality of produced oxidised coatings on the D16 aluminium alloy are presented. The coatings formed in oxidation in different working conditions of the power source with the capacitance regulation of power are compared. The microstructure of the surface of the specimens with the coatings produced in microarc oxidation in three sets of conditions is shown.     

Comparative shelf life study of two different rice beers prepared using wild‐type and established microbial starters

A mixed dough fermentation culture (Hamei ) is used to inoculate the traditional rice beer Atingba in Manipur, India. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast were isolated from Hamei and, using rDNA sequencing, shown to be Pediococcus pentosaceus and Pichia anomala . Two black rice beers were produced, one (BS‐1) with Aspergillus oryzae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum and the other (BS‐2) with P. pentosaceus , P. anomala (from Hamei ) and A. oryzae . After fermentation for 9 days the beers were compared after storage at 32°C for up to 3 months. Microbiological loading was comparable for the two beers, although no Staphylococcus spp. were found in BS2. The beers were different with BS‐1 having higher acidity, greater colour and peroxide value but less anthocyanin and alcohol. It is suggested that BS‐2 with microflora from Hamei had a better shelf life than BS‐1 produced with established cultures. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

基于PIC16F946转速表设计

介绍了步进电机的特点,并着重介绍了一款以PIC16F946为核心,步进电机驱动转速表指针显示发动机转速,断码LCD显示发动机转动时间。具有掉电数据保存功能的转速表实现方案。