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Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigations of both the growth of an iron film on silicon (100) at room temperature and the subsequent formation of iron silicide are the subjects of this paper. An in-situ cleaned silicon (100) wafer without carbon or oxygen contamination exhibiting the known 2 × 1 reconstruction in the LEED pattern served as the substrate. Iron was deposited on this reconstructed surface at 300 K. The comparison of theoretical calculations based on three growth mechanisms with XPS data obtained with take-off angles of 0° and 50° clearly demonstrates a layer-by-layer growth of the iron film on silicon (100). At 300 K no formation of iron silicide was observed, although an interaction between iron and silicon could be detected at the interface. The formation of iron silicide was observed at annealing temperatures of 630–730 K. Quantitative XPS analysis yields the presence of FeSi2, when the thickness is large enough. Neither the iron film on silicon nor the silicide shows any LEED pattern. 相似文献
64.
研究添加不同含量的Ag对CP276合金的拉伸性能和时效组织的影响。对拉伸强度、延伸率测试及透射电镜观察表明:0.11wt%加入可促进T1相析出,使合金强度值升高;0.35wt%Ag的加入可在时效前期生成富Ag、Mg的稳定的GP区,从而降低合金中Cu的固溶度,阻碍T1相析出,时效后期,GP区分解,生成大量T1相,使合金强度值显著升高。 相似文献
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Yong Ma Yong‐zhen Peng Xiao‐lian Wang Shu‐ying Wang 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2005,80(10):1118-1124
The laboratory scale anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic (A2O) process fed with synthetic brewage wastewater was designed to investigate the effects of changing feed C/P ratio on the performance of biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. In the experiment, the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was kept at approximately 300 mg L?1 while the total phosphorus concentration was varied to obtain the desired C/P ratio. Results showed that when the C/P ratio was lower than 32, phosphorus removal efficiency increased as C/P ratio increased linearly, while when the C/P ratio was higher than 32, the P removal efficiency was maintained at 90–98%, and effluent P concentration was lower than 0.5 mg L?1. However, regardless of the C/P ratio, excellent COD removal (90% or higher) and good total nitrogen removal (75–84%) were maintained throughout the experiments. It was also found that very good linear correlation was obtained between COD uptake per unit P released in the anaerobic zone and C/P ratio. In addition, the P content in the wasted activated sludge increased with the decrease in the C/P ratio. Based on the results, it was recommended that the wastewater C/P ratio and its effects be incorporated into BNR design and operational procedures, appropriate C/P ratios were used to achieve the effluent treatment goals. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
67.
Mamata Mukhopadhyay Sameer V Dalvi 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2005,80(4):445-454
A supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process is employed for production of solid nanoparticles from atomized droplets of dilute solution in a flowing supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) stream by attaining extremely high, very rapid, and uniform supersaturation. This is facilitated by a two‐way mass transfer of CO2 and solvent, to and from the droplet respectively, rendering rapid reduction in equilibrium solubility of the solid solute in the ternary solution. The present work analyses the degree of supersaturation and nucleation kinetics in a single droplet of cholesterol solution in acetone during its flight in a flowing SC CO2 stream. Both temperature and composition are assumed to be uniform within the droplet, and their variations with time are calculated by balancing the heat and mass transfer fluxes to and from the droplet. The equilibrium solubility of cholesterol with CO2 dissolution has been predicted as being directly proportional to the Partial Molar Volume Fraction (PMVF) of acetone in the binary (CO2–acetone) system. The degree of supersaturation has been simulated up to the time required to attain almost zero cholesterol solubility in the droplet for evaluating the rate of nucleation and the size of the stable critical nuclei formed. The effects of process parameters have been analysed in the pressure range of 7.1–35.0 MPa, temperature range of 313–333 K, SC CO2 flow rate of 0.1136–1.136 mol s?1, the ratio of the volumetric flow rates of CO2‐to‐solution in the range of 100–1000, and the initial mole fraction of cholesterol in acetone solution in the range of 0.0025–0.010. The results confirm an extremely high and rapid increase in degree of supersaturation, very high nucleation rates and stable critical nucleus diameter of the order of a nanometre. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
68.
以硫酸、磷钨酸、ZRP-5分子筛为催化剂,研究了二甘醇(DEG)脱水环化的反应规律。结果表明,DEG发生分子内脱水环化反应,生成1,4-二氧六环(DOX),DEG分子间脱水不仅可以生成四甘醇、六甘醇等,同时可生成三甘醇、五甘醇等一系列的多甘醇(PEG)。不仅DEG可以脱水环化生成DOX,在反应中生成的PEG也同样可以进行生成DOX的反应。对于二甘醇(DEG)脱水环化反应,硫酸是性能优良的催化剂,反应可以在较低的温度下进行,馏出产物中DOX选择性大于95%。 相似文献
69.
70.
P. Meenakshi S. E. Noorjahan R. Rajini U. Venkateswarlu C. Rose T. P. Sastry 《Bulletin of Materials Science》2002,25(1):25-29
DriedMusa paradiciaca (banana) stem and veins of the leaves, which were hitherto discarded as a waste, were collected and used as starting material
for the preparation of cellulose and cellulose acetate. This cellulose acetate was mixed with polystyrene to form blend of
cellulose acetate-polystyrene in order to provide enhanced stability and extended utility to the end products. The films of
these composites or their individual partners were made separately and studied for their mechanical properties, chemical modification
and morphological changes. We report here that banana stem is good source of cellulose and that cellulose completely undergoes
modification upon esterification. 相似文献