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31.
综述了环氧树脂基的PCB与无铅化组装的兼容性问题。经过大量试验表明,常规的FR-4基材和双氰胺固化的高Tg基材是不能满足无铅化组装要求的,而采用酚醛固化的中等-Tg的环氧树脂基材是可能成为无铅化组装用基材的。同时,PCB制造过程也起着重要的作用。PCB设计和再(回)流焊的加热梯度也影响着无铅化的性能。 相似文献
32.
A ternary blend system comprising poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PCHMA), poly(α‐methyl styrene) (PαMS) and poly(4‐methyl styrene) (P4MS) was investigated by thermal analysis, optical and scanning electron microscopy. Ternary phase behaviour was compared with the behaviour for the three constituent binary pairs. This study showed that the ternary blends of PCHMA/PαMS/P4MS in most compositions were miscible, with an apparent glass transition temperature (Tg) and distinct cloud‐point transitions, which were located at lower temperatures than their binary counterparts. However, in a closed‐loop range of compositions roughly near the centre of the triangular phase diagram, some ternary blends displayed phase separation with heterogeneity domains of about 1 µm. Therefore, it is properly concluded that ternary PCHMA/PαMS/P4M is partially miscible with a small closed‐loop immisciblity range, even though all the constituent binary pairs are fully miscible. Thermodynamic backgrounds leading to decreased miscibility and greater heterogeneity in a ternary polymer system in comparison with the binary counterparts are discussed. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
33.
Shear Bombs in Fibre Composites Despite an optimum external shape non‐load adapted internal fibre orientation can lead to the formation of shear cracks where crossing tension‐compression principal stress trajectories create localized shear peaks. Trees are subject to those failure because they cannot re‐arrange their fibres after wood formation. Bones can adjust their micro‐structure to changing load conditions and in this way can better control shear failure. The engineer working with fibre composites should be alert to avoid fibre arrangements not following the force flow. Localized shear zones may also form near notches similar to normal notch stresses, however they are not always situated at the contour line of the notch. 相似文献
34.
J. Gegner Priv.‐Doz. Dr. W. Nierlich M. Brückner 《Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik》2007,38(8):613-623
Due to clearly distinguishable damage symptoms, it is differentiated between the surface and sub‐surface failure mode of rolling bearings. Material states red out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) residual stress measurements point to a variety of loading conditions especially at raceway surfaces that are associated with several competing failure mechanisms. The corresponding lifetime reduction can range from the lower fatigue strength region to material ratcheting in extreme cases. Relevant position of the microstructural changes and nature of the failure mechanisms are characterized. The time alteration of the XRD material parameters measured at or near the surface and at the depth of the maximum equivalent stress correlates, in a different manner, with the statistical parameter of the 10 % bearing life. Both failure modes are illustrated by concrete examples. Contaminated lubricant and boundary lubrication, which represent practically important surface‐induced failures, are discussed in more detail. Gray staining, i.e. shallow pitting, often occurs without distinct indication of global material aging by means of XRD characteristics. Here, scanning electron microscopy observations and electron microprobe analyses point to corrosion fatigue as acting surface failure mechanism. The interaction between material and lubricant under complex loading regimes particularly of mixed friction and corrosion opens further failure research areas in the field of tribology. 相似文献
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Phenol novolac/poly (4-hydroxyphenylmaleimide) (PHPMI) blends were used as an epoxy resin hardener. The curing behavior of the above system and the thermal and mechanical properties of the cured epoxy resin were studied. It was not necessary to use a curing accelerator for this system, because PHPMI caused acceleration of the curing reaction. The curing mechanism of this system was investigated by using model compounds. Test pieces from the neat resins and the glass fiber reinforced resins were evaluated in terms of thermal and mechanical properties, respectively. It was found that heat resistance and mechanical properties were improved by increasing the amount of PHPMI in the hardener. 相似文献
37.
自韧Si3N4陶瓷的显微结构及其性能研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用热压的方法制得室温断裂韧性和抗弯强度分别为11.2MPa·m ̄(1/2)、823MPa,高温(1350℃)断裂韧性和抗弯强度分别为23.9MPa·m ̄(1/2)、630MPa的自韧Si_3N_4陶瓷。研究了显微结构和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明:玻璃相的含量、β-Si_3N_4的长径比等对性能有重要影响。分析了自韧Si_3N_4陶瓷的增韧机理,通过SEM明显观察到Si_3N_4中存在裂纹偏转、分支和β-Si_3N_4拔出现象。 相似文献
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40.
H. de Groot 《Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik》2007,38(12):965-968
Ischemia‐reperfusion injury of the bone occurs due to traumatic and non‐traumatic alterations affecting blood supply to the bone. It is likely to occur also upon insertion of an implant. Ischemia‐reperfusion injury of the bone has been studied by interruption of blood supply in situ, in limb replantation/transplantation models, in revascularized bone grafts and non‐vascularized bone fragments, as well as in isolated cultured cells. All cells of the bone are affected, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and bone marrow cells. Critical ischemia times for induction of bone cell death, either in the ischemic period or following reperfusion, are in the range of 3 to 7 h. These critical ischemia times are significantly increased by decreasing the temperature from 37 °C to 0–4 °C. Anoxia is the most likely trigger of cell injury in the ischemic phase. In the reperfusion phase, reactive oxygen species are decisively involved in the injurious process. In general, however, the available information on the mechanism of ischemia‐reperfusion injury of the bone is relatively sparse. On the other hand, there are clear similarities to the mechanisms of ischemia‐reperfusion injury known from other organs, and there is a clear potential for protection against ischemia‐reperfusion injury of the bone. 相似文献