AE testing of a low-alloy steel pressure vessel

Testing pressure vessels in the field is generally conducted within a given range of test pressures, determined beforehand according to specified criteria. Thus monitoring of flaw growth using AE is carried under restricted conditions. To study the AE activity of flaws in welded seams of a pressure vessel (made of low-alloy steel) at different stages of growth and at different strains, tests were conducted on both spherical and cylindrical pressure vessels containing different artificial flaws. For given test conditions, the relationships between AE activity of artificial flaws and measured strains were studied. These tests form an important basis for the testing and assessment of engineering pressure vessels in the field.     

不同加载模式下煤样损伤与变形声发射特征 对比分析

 煤样损伤、变形与动态失稳之间具有内在的相关性,大尺寸煤样破坏试验成为分析采空区围岩动力失稳孕育过程的基础手段。西部的华亭煤矿曾发生过严重矿震,通过深入调查并精心选取不同尺寸煤样品,在圆柱体小煤样单轴压缩试验基础上,完成2个大尺寸(195 mm×110 mm×206 mm,195.0 mm×195.0 mm×11.5 mm)且结构与均匀程度不同(平行与垂直层理)的立方体煤样试件损伤、变形与破坏的声发射(acoustic emission,AE)特征试验,获得丰富的损伤演化信息,利用统计物理学且对连续场进行描述的态矢量原理定量地描述煤介质破坏的进程及其破坏程度,定义了损伤程度百分比,将其作为定量指标反映煤样局部损伤与破裂密集程度,对不同加载模式下煤介质损伤变形应力–应变与AE特征进行对比分析,为理论分析、数值模拟及提高动力失稳及采矿安全预报的时、空、强精度提供必要的条件。     

碳纤维水泥基材料的声发射特性实验研究

研究了碳纤维水泥基材料在不同制作工艺下的声发射特性.结果表明,利用声发射可以定性评价碳纤维的分散性;不同掺量的分散剂和硅粉,可以改善碳纤维的分散性及碳纤维水泥基材料体系的均质度,并在单轴压缩下表现出不同的声发射特性.     

单轴压缩下含孔洞裂隙砂岩力学特性试验分析

利用岩石力学伺服试验机与岩石声发射仪,对含孔洞裂隙砂岩(尺寸为60 mm×120 mm×30 mm)的力学特性进行单轴压缩试验。基于试验结果,首先分析含孔洞裂隙砂岩岩样的强度和变形特性,结果表明,含孔洞裂隙砂岩岩样的力学参数均显著低于完整岩样,但降低幅度与孔洞直径及缺陷对称分布密切相关,随着孔洞直径的增加,含单孔洞砂岩的峰值强度与峰值应变均呈衰减趋势,而不对称分布的孔洞裂隙砂岩岩样的力学参数均低于对称分布;然后基于含孔洞裂隙砂岩加载过程中的声发射特征,揭示声发射分布显著受孔洞裂隙等缺陷分布的影响,这主要是由于含不同孔洞裂隙砂岩中裂纹扩展模式存在着显著差异;最后通过照相量测技术,探讨含不同孔洞裂隙砂岩的裂纹扩展特征,分析含缺陷砂岩裂纹扩展过程及其对宏观应力–应变曲线的影响规律。     

压剪应力条件下砂岩开裂扩展过程的试验研究

利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩细观剪切试验装置及 PCI-2型声发射(AE)测试分析系统,开展法向应力分别为0.0,1.5,3.0,4.5,6.0 MPa条件下砂岩的压剪试验,对砂岩在压剪应力条件下的变形特性、声发射特性及其细观开裂扩展特征等进行系统研究。研究结果表明：随着法向应力的增加,砂岩抗剪强度增大,峰值剪切力及其相应的峰值位移均近似呈线性增大;不同法向应力条件下岩石的最终断裂破坏形态虽有所不同,但其开裂扩展趋势基本都是沿预定剪切面不断向前延伸扩展;法向应力越大,开裂扩展的时间越晚,岩石越不容易发生失稳破坏;受法向应力的影响,AE 事件率并未随着剪应力达到峰值而达到最大值,而是在峰值剪应力后急剧增大,微裂纹急剧扩展演化,最终AE事件率达到最大值,裂纹贯通导致岩石失稳破坏;随着法向应力的增加,剪切面两侧颗粒之间的摩擦力增大,同时受应力分布不均及岩石内部结构的影响,主裂纹的宽度越大,开裂扩展形态更加复杂。     

Crack initiation of granite under uniaxial compression tests: A comparison study

In this study, a combination of acoustic emission (AE) method (AEM) and wave transmission method (WTM) is used to investigate the behaviors of AE and ultrasonic properties corresponding to initial fracturing in granitic rocks. The relationships of AE characteristics, frequency spectra, and spatial locations with crack initiation (CI) are studied. The anisotropic ultrasonic characteristics, velocity distributions in different ray paths, wave amplitudes, and spectral characters of transmitted waves are investigated. To identify CI stress, damage initiations characterized by strain-based method (SBM), AEM and WTM are compared. For granite samples, it shows that the ratio of CI stress to peak strength estimated by SBM ranges from 0.4 to 0.55, and 0.49–0.6 by WTM, which are higher than that of AEM (0.38–0.46). The CI stress identified by AEM indicates the onset of microcracking, and the combination of AEM and WTM provides an insight into the detection of rock damage initiation and anisotropy.     

Experimental investigation on fracturing process of marble under biaxial compression

In this study, servo-controlled biaxial compression tests were conducted on marble specimens to investigate their failure characteristics and fracturing process. The complete stress–strain curves were obtained, and the three-dimensional (3D) features of the failure surfaces were acquired by 3D laser scanning. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and moment tensor (MT) analysis were used in combination to better understand the fracturing mechanism of marble under biaxial compression. It was noted that a type of 3D stepwise cracking behaviour occurred on the fracturing surfaces of the examined specimens. The stress dropped multiple times, and a repeated fracturing mode corresponding to the repeated stress drops in the post-peak regime was observed. Three substages, i.e. stress stabilisation, stress decrease and stress increase, were identified for a single fracturing mode. Then quantitative and statistical analyses of the fracturing process at each substage were discussed. Based on the testing results, it was found that at the stress stabilisation substage, the proportion of mixed-mode fractures increased. At the stress decrease substage, the proportion of mixed-mode fractures decreased, and the tensile or shear fractures increased. At the stress increase substage, the proportion of mixed-mode or tensile fractures decreased, and the shear fractures increased. Finally, a conceptual model for the stepwise crack formation was proposed.     

二长花岗岩三轴压缩下声发射特征围压效应的试验研究

 岩石材料在受载情况下,发生变形和内部破裂,储存的部分能量以应力波的形式释放出来,产生声发射现象。采用三轴压缩试验和声发射试验,研究玲珑金矿二长花岗岩声发射特征与力学参数之间的关系。结果表明：(1) 岩石试样在三轴试验条件下,其声发射特征基本符合岩石加载破坏过程中的4个阶段,其中压密阶段在围压对岩石材料的压实作用下没有明显体现出来。(2) 通过分析围压对岩石记忆效应的影响得出,在相对低围压水平时,Kaiser效应显著性会随轴向应力水平提高而降低,Felicity效应显著增大;随着围压水平的提高,Kaiser效应显著增大,Felicity效应显著降低。(3) 在声发射法测量地应力过程中采用三轴试验更为适合,三轴试验可消除应力环境不同和高应力水平Kaiser效应模糊所引起的误差,使测量值更接近实际岩体所处的应力状态。(4) 随着围压水平的提高,岩石的抗压强度随之提高,岩石破裂前夕声发射特征参数呈现突发性特征,表现为突然激发出高能量振铃计数率、能量累积迅猛增加,并且伴随没有峰后曲线的岩石突然破裂现象。     

不同加载速率下CFRP加固混凝土梁动态力学性能试验研究

混凝土动态力学行为具有明显的率相关性,为此对CFRP加固混凝土梁试件开展了4种加载速率(0. 1、0. 01、0. 001 mm/s和0. 000 5 mm/s)下的力学性能试验,通过位移控制的单调加载方式研究不同加载速率对CFRP加固混凝土梁试件的破坏过程、荷载-裂缝张口位移曲线、断裂能和延性指数的影响。基于实时、动态的声发射无损检测技术,对不同加载速率下CFRP加固混凝土梁断裂过程中的声发射参量进行识别和采集,从声发射角度分析了CFRP加固混凝土梁的受力特性。结果表明:低加载速率下,试件侧面预制缝附近伴有其他裂缝产生,且加载速率越低,其裂缝越明显; CFRP加固混凝土梁的开裂、极限、破坏荷载随加载速率的提高而增大;随着加载速率的提高,CFRP加固混凝土梁的断裂能和延性指数均明显增大;声发射累积振铃计数随加载速率的提高而增大。     

单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究

在刚性试验机上，对单轴受压岩石破坏全过程进行声发射试验，得到了岩石破坏全过程力学特征和声发射特征，包括岩石应力-应变曲线、声发射事件数等，研究了声发射事件数(AE数)、事件率与应力、时间之间的关系。研究表明：岩石在一次性加载过程中，不是所有的岩石都具有典型的Kaiser效应的声发射特征点：在弹性阶段的初期和后期，随着应力水平的增加岩石声发射显著增加，特别在弹塑性高应力阶段，岩石声发射增长迅速；岩样在试验接近峰值强度时单位时间内的应力增长速度减小，声发射事件率出现明显下降，即出现相对平静阶段；声发射事件率在不同应力水平变化很大，峰值强度后的声发射现象仍然明显，其声发射特征随岩样破坏形式的不同而不同。