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101.
Field Validation of DNDC Model for Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice-based Production Systems of India 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Y. Jagadeesh Babu C. Li S. Frolking D. R. Nayak T. K. Adhya 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2006,74(2):157-174
The DNDC (DeNitrification and DeComposition) model was tested against experimental data on CH4 and N2O emissions from rice fields at different geographical locations in India. There was a good agreement between the simulated
and observed values of CH4 and N2O emissions. The difference between observed and simulated CH4 emissions in all sites ranged from −11.6 to 62.5 kg C ha−1 season−1. Most discrepancies between simulated and observed seasonal fluxes were less than 20% of the field estimate of the seasonal
flux. The relative deviation between observed and simulated cumulative N2O emissions ranged from −237.8 to 28.6%. However, some discrepancies existed between observed and simulated seasonal patterns
of CH4 and N2O emissions. The model simulated zero N2O emissions from continuously flooded rice fields and poorly simulated CH4 emissions from Allahabad site. For all other simulated cases, the model satisfactorily simulated the seasonal variations
in greenhouse gas emission from paddy fields with different land management. The model also simulated the C and N balances
in all the sites, including other gas fluxes, viz. CO2, NO, NO2, N2 and NH3 emissions. Sensitivity tests for CH4 indicate that soil texture and pH significantly influenced the CH4 emission. Changes in organic C content had a moderate influence on CH4 emission on these sites. Introducing the mid-season drainage reduced CH4 emissions significantly. Process-based biogeochemical modeling, as with DNDC, can help in identifying strategies for optimizing
resource use, increasing productivity, closing yield gaps and reducing adverse environmental impacts. 相似文献
102.
Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aldo R. Boccaccini Johann Cho Judith A. Roether Boris J.C. Thomas E. Jane Minay Milo S.P. Shaffer 《Carbon》2006,44(15):3149-3160
Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has been gaining increasing interest as an economical and versatile processing technique for the production of novel coatings or films of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on conductive substrates. The purpose of the paper is to present an up-to-date comprehensive overview of current research progress in the field of EPD of CNTs. The paper specifically reviews the preparation and characterisation of stable CNT suspensions, and the mechanism of the EPD process; it includes discussion of pure CNT coatings and CNT/nanoparticle composite films. A complete discussion of the EPD parameters is presented, including electrode materials, deposition time, electrode separation, deposition voltage and resultant electric field. The paper highlights potential applications of the resulting CNT and CNT/composite structures, in areas such as field emission devices, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. 相似文献
103.
A block copolymer nanotemplate for mechanically tunable polarized emission from a conjugated polymer
A polymer blend system consisting of polystyrene grafted onto poly (p-phenylene ethynylene) (PS-g-PPE) and poly (styrene-block-isoprene-block-styrene) triblock copolymer (SIS) yields highly polarized emission due to the unidirectional alignment of the PPE molecules. During the roll casting, the triblock copolymer microphase separates and creates unidirectionally aligned PS cylindrical microdomains in the rubbery PI matrix. PPE, a fluorescent conjugated polymer, was grafted with polystyrene (PS) side chains that enabled sequestration and alignment of these rigid backbone emitter molecules into the PS microdomains of the SIS triblock copolymer. Deforming the thermoplastic elastomer in a direction perpendicular to the orientation direction of the cylinders causes rotation of the PS cylinders and the PPE emitter molecules and affords tunable polarized emission due to re-orientation of the PPE containing PS cylinders as well as film thinning from Poisson effect. 相似文献
104.
Two kinds of fly ash, discharged in the combustion of either refused derived fuel (RDF) or car shredder dust (SD), were examined for the emission of heavy metals in melting process under oxidizing and reducing conditions. The residual fractions of heavy metal in slag were experimentally estimated. As a result, it was confirmed that several volatile heavy metals were readily emitted during melting process. The type of atmosphere provided for the melting process was found to affect the emission of some volatile metals in RDF ash, but not in SD ash. The emission of volatile heavy metals in RDF ash under oxidizing conditions was lower than under any other conditions in this study. The emission behavior of iron and heavy metals in RDF ash under reducing conditions was similar to that in SD ash. These facts indicated that phosphorous in RDF ash had the property of fixing the volatile metals in the slag only under oxidizing conditions. Then the mixture of SD ash with phosphorous oxide powder was also tested in a melting process, and the result was consistent with the above inference of the effect of phosphorous. 相似文献
105.
This paper explores the use of acoustic emission (AE) and X-ray tomography to identify the mechanisms of damage and the fracture process during compressive loading on concrete specimens. Three-dimensional (3D) X-ray tomography image analysis was used to observe defects of virgin mortar specimen under different compressive loads. Cumulative AE events were used to evaluate damage process in real time according to the sand/cement ratio. This work shows that AE and X-ray tomography are complementary nondestructive methods to measure, characterise and locate damage sites in mortar. The effect of the sand proportion on damage and fracture behaviour is studied, in relation with the microstructure of the material. 相似文献
106.
叙述了美国和欧共体柴油车排放法规和最新发展及世界主要固定柴油质量和规格的最新发展趋势,报道了柴油组成和性质对排放物影响的主要研究结果;分析了减少柴油车排放污染的主要措施,例如改进发动机、改进炼油工艺、采用尾气处理、采用颗粒物过滤-捕集器及采用减少尾气排污的三类柴油添加剂,最后提出了几点建议。 相似文献
107.
Shoude Li 《International journal of systems science》2014,45(11):2390-2401
Using the well-known Arrow and Karlin (1958) dynamic production–inventory model and the model with tradable emission permits which was presented by Dobos (2005, 2007), we develop a model of the production–inventory system with deteriorating items and tradable emission permits. The objective of this paper is to apply the optimal control theory to solve the production–inventory problem with deteriorating items and tradable emission permits, and derive the optimal inventory level and the optimal production rate that minimise the total cost. The results are discussed with a numerical example and a sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to the parameters of the production–inventory system is carried out. 相似文献
108.
Mustafa E. Tat Paul S. Wang Jon H. Van Gerpen Thomas E. Clemente 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(9):865-869
Biodiesel is a fuel comprising mono-alkyl esters of medium to long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
fats. Typically, engines operated on soybean-based biodiesel exhibit higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) compared
with petroleum diesel. The increase in NOx emissions might be an inherent characteristic of soybean oil’s polyunsaturation,
because the level of saturation is known to affect the biodiesel’s cetane number, which can affect NOx. A feedstock that is
mostly monounsaturated (i.e. oleate) helps to balance the tradeoff between cold flow and oxidative stability. Genetic modification
has produced a soybean event, designated 335-13, with a fatty acid profile high in oleic acid (>85%) and with reduced palmitic
acid (<4%). This high-oleic soybean oil was converted to biodiesel and run in a John Deere 4045T 4.5-L four-stroke, four-cylinder,
turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine. The exhaust emissions were compared with those from conventional soybean oil
biodiesel and commercial No. 2 diesel fuel. There was a significant reduction in NOx emissions (α = 0.05) using the high-oleic soybean biodiesel compared with regular soybean oil biodiesel. No significant differences were
found between the regular and high-oleic biodiesel for unburned hydrocarbon and smoke emissions. 相似文献
109.
This paper describes the design and application of the Atmospheric Evaluation and Research Integrated model for Spain (AERIS). Currently, AERIS can provide concentration profiles of NO2, O3, SO2, NH3, PM, as a response to emission variations of relevant sectors in Spain. Results are calculated using transfer matrices based on an air quality modelling system (AQMS) composed by the WRF (meteorology), SMOKE (emissions) and CMAQ (atmospheric-chemical processes) models. The AERIS outputs were statistically tested against the conventional AQMS and observations, revealing a good agreement in both cases. At the moment, integrated assessment in AERIS focuses only on the link between emissions and concentrations. The quantification of deposition, impacts (health, ecosystems) and costs will be introduced in the future. In conclusion, the main asset of AERIS is its accuracy in predicting air quality outcomes for different scenarios through a simple yet robust modelling framework, avoiding complex programming and long computing times. 相似文献
110.
微生物电合成(Microbial electrosynthesis,MES)为二氧化碳还原为乙酸盐和其他多碳物提供了一条可持续的生化转化途径,利用电能驱动微生物固定CO2具有原料容易、操作条件温和、不含有毒物质、环境可持续性等特点,为全球碳中和、碳减排带来了新机遇。在研究人员对提高产率、转化效率、碳链延长方面的深入研究下,基于对电极材料的选择、修饰,菌群的驯化,操作条件的限制,乙酸最高产率达1330g/(m2?d),催化转化C1废气并耦合二次发酵生产了C2-C4产物以及具有更长碳链的中链脂肪酸。在概述阴极电活性微生物吸收胞外电子的分子机制捕获和转化CO2的基础上,综述了合成有机酸的代谢原理、二维和三维等电极材料使用现状以及提高产物产率、产物及碳链延长的方法,并对未来MES的研究方向做出了展望。 相似文献