东南亚南传佛教壁画考察与述略

南传佛教是泰、缅、柬、老等东南亚国家以及我国傣族地区具有主体地位的宗教形态,普及面广、信徒众多、影响深刻。作为其重要组成部分的南传佛教壁画,可谓是中南半岛上最具典型意义的美术形式。它既是信奉南传佛教信众的情感流露和心灵写照,又是其精神世界与审美理想的表征。本文依托田野考察所获取的一手资料及相关文献,对东南亚南传佛教壁画的历史沿革、内容题材、形式风格、表现手法和发展现状等进行了梳理与分析。     

Assessing fuel cell vehicle innovation and the role of policy in Japan,Korea, and China

Despite intensive public and private research efforts into developing fuel cell vehicles (FCV), the global number of FCV remains small and they are unavailable for commercial purchase. We use an in-depth literature review, and bibliometric and patent analysis to analyse FCV technology within the conceptual framework of Rogers' innovation diffusion curve and suggest how the particular innovation systems and policies adopted in three key Asian car-manufacturing countries (Japan, Korea, and China) have influenced the development of FCV. Such analysis may capture trends not indicated by technical measures such as increases in efficiency or decreases in unit cost. Although Japan continues to lead in terms of number of patents and quality of academic research, Korea and China have been successful in developing fuel cell programs. Korean academics patent more frequently than their Japanese and Chinese peers, producing 18% of FC patents, with 16% of those filed also naming a private company. The 2008 financial crisis and ongoing economic uncertainty appears to have had some effect on patent activity whilst academic research appears unaffected. Diffusion curve analysis suggests that FCVs have not reached technological maturity.     

亚太能源供应受制中东 中亚能否占据一席之地?

在分析了亚太地区能源供需形势、尤其对作为亚太地区最大能源供应方的中东进行分析的基础上,指出中亚作为亚太地区新的能源供应方的可能性。由于亚太地区对石油进口依赖性的增长,中东作为重要的油气输出方,其地位会进一步提升,与此同时,中亚的能源供应潜力越来越多的得到世界的关注,其在亚太的能源战略中将占有更重要的地位。     

亚太地区石油制品需求形势分析

据估算,与2001年相比,2002年亚太地区石油制品需求的增长值为215千桶/天,其中中国的需求增长量占总增长量的65%(与上年相比,中国在2002年的增长值为140千桶/天)。与此同时,尽管由于核电厂问题的影响使得日本更多的开始使用燃料油,但是,日本在石油制品方面的需求仍呈负增长,当年的需求量比起2001年又有减少,减幅达165千桶/天,这对整个亚太地区石油制品需求的增长都产生了负面影响。预计在2003年,日本石油消费市场的低迷形势将有所回升,届时其对石油制品的需求即便不会增长也将不至于继续下跌。这就使得在2003年,亚太地区对石油制品的消费需求可以有进一步增长,年增长率有望回复到相对“正常”的水平上(尽管该值仍低于常规水平),约可达到422千桶/天。从长期来说,中国和印度将成为亚太地区石油制品需求的主要增长国,在2002～2005年,2005～2010年和2010～2015年的三个时期中,他们的需求增长量将占到这一地区需求增长总量34%～37%的比例。与世界其它地区相比,过去的亚太石油消费市场对油价变动并不十分敏感,然而,现在的情况已经今非昔比。由于市场放开,这一地区的消费者远比在5至10年前更能切身的感受到油价变动所带来的影响。因此,正如人们所想象的那样,市场开放后,消费者也开始用行动来抵制高油价,即他们可     

中亚湖泊地区降水量变化特征及趋势分析

为了解中亚湖泊地区降水量变化特征及变化趋势,根据中亚地区不同经纬度5个湖泊代表气象站20世纪中后期及21世纪的实测逐日降水量资料,采用五年滑动平均法、距平分析法、线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall秩次相关分析检验法及相关的水文统计方法,对该区域的降水量特征、变化趋势及其趋势显著性进行了分析。结果表明,里海的年降水量呈减少趋势,其他四个湖泊区域的年降水量均呈显著增加趋势。     

Solar-assisted single-double-effect absorption chiller for use in Asian tropical climates

Solar energy is accessible throughout the year in tropical regions. The latest development of absorption chillers has demonstrated that these systems are suitable for effective use of solar energy. The utilisation of solar energy for heat-driven cooling systems has significant advantages. Without a doubt, solar energy represents a clean energy source that is available without any additional fuel cost, and that can be proportionally accessible when the cooling load increases during the middle hours of the day. This study focuses on a single-double-effect absorption chiller machine that was installed in Indonesia. The system is driven by a dual-heat source that combines gas and solar energy. This system is characterised by simulating its performance in various conditions in terms of the cooling water (28–34 °C) and the hot water (75–90 °C) inlet temperatures. The reference operating condition of this system is 239 kW of cooling capacity. The mathematical model is validated and shows a good agreement with experimental data. In the operative range considered, simulation results yield a coefficient of performance between 1.4 and 3.3, and a gas reduction ratio from 7 to 58% when compared to a double-effect absorption chiller driven by gas. Based on the simulation results, this system is expected to have a good potential for widespread use in tropical Asia regions.     

东南亚八国天然气市场供需与管制现状

八个东南亚天然气资源国按照储量差异可分为三类,第一类是储量相对丰富的国家,包括印尼、马来西ⅢE和东帝汶,2012年底印尼和马来西亚的天然气剩余可采储量分别为2．93×10^12m3和1．32×10^12m3。2012年印尼天然气产量为7lO．7×10。In’,国内消费量358．1×10^8m3;同年马来西亚生产天然气652．4×10^8m3,国内消费量333．3×10^8m3。第二类是天然气储量处于中等水平的泰国、越南、文莱和缅甸,截至2012年底,四国天然气剩余可采储量分别为0．28×10^12m3、0．62×10^12m3、0．29×10^12m3和0．22×10^12m3：2012年四国天然气产量分别为413．9×10^8m3、94．0×10^8m3、125．7×10^8m3和127．3×10^m3。第三类是储量相对较小的菲律宾,2007～2011年其天然气产量与消费量始终维持在1000×10^8ft3上下。文莱、缅甸、东帝汶的天然气主要用于出口,越南、泰国、菲律宾以供应本国市场为主,马来西亚、印尼内需与外需能基本兼顾。缅甸和东帝汶的出口量将随着新项目的落实逐渐扩大：文莱和印尼的出口量将围绕某一水平波动：马来西亚价格管制政策的调整,将决定其出口量的变化以及能否逐步减少天然气的进口量;越南在LNG供应链建设完成后进口量将出现较快增长;菲律宾如果不改革管制政策,天然气的消费增长将停滞。     

Combustion characteristics of biomass in SouthEast Asia

Gas emission during combustion of mixed tropical wood, bamboo, oil palm trunk, acacia, and rubber wood have been investigated by using TG–MS in presence of oxygen as well as FTIR. The weight decreasing profiles and the gas formation rates of oil palm trunk was significantly different among the samples although their elemental composition was almost the same from biomass samples. It was found that H₂O is the main product formed for all samples. The evolving rates of the gaseous products during the combustion and infrared spectrums such as CO, H₂O, CO₂, CH₄ and COOH⁺ were found. The DTG curves spectrums for biomass present four overlapping peaks.