A systematic generation of reactor designs: I. Isothermal conditions

A new method is proposed for systematic generation of conceptual design of reactor networks. Given feed compositions and a kinetic model, the objective is to find the optimal mixing structure and feed distribution. The method aims at finding the optimal sequence and sizes of ideal reactors and the optimal addition of extra feed streams along the reactor path. The total reaction time is calculated so as to maximize the space time yield subject to a minimum yield of the key product component. The method does not have any limitations with respect to the number of components or reactions. A new model formulation is proposed that comprises both CSTR and PFR model equations and the design problem is formulated as an optimal control problem. In this paper, only isothermal conditions are considered.     

液液硝化反应器的分散特性和放大研究

根据界面化学反应速率和传质速率的动态平衡理论 ,在五个几何相似的具有双排蛇管的模拟硝化反应器中 ,测定了不同工况下液液湍流搅拌分散系统的Sauter直径。提出了计算Sauter直径的经验公式 ,并通过实验测定了有关参数。实验结果表明 ,该硝化反应器在进行放大时有一最佳中试容积 ,从而得到了放大的依据。     

Ozone Contactor Hydrodynamics

Tracer tests were conducted at the 6,000 pounds of ozone per day Tucson, CAP Water Treatment Plant in Tucson, Arizona. The tests were designed to determine T₁₀ values through the contactors at various operating conditions. The tests were modeled using three techniques. Peclet Number was calculated for each of the runs, which would indicate the hydrodynamic conditions inside the ozone contactor. The results indicated that the increase in water flow rate and the number of cells with gas flow increased Peclet Number. The flow rate of liquid seemed to impact the Peclet Number more than gas flow. The headloss in each cell appeared to be important in controlling the distribution of liquid and gas through the cell. A correlation was developed between the product of gas and liquid phase Reynolds Number and Peclet Number.     

电流密度对无氰镉-钛合金镀层的影响

采用金相显微镜、电化学工作站、划线法、霍尔槽实验以及比色法,通过测试镀层样品的外观,耐蚀性、结合力、镀液的分散性能以及镀层的钛含量分析了电流密度对无氰镉-钛合金镀层的影响。研究结果表明,电流密度为2 A/dm~2时镀层外观、耐蚀性、结合力等性能最佳,镀液分散能力最好,镀层钛含量最高,得到的镀层结晶细致,均匀。     

Effects of N,N′-Ethylenebis(stearamide) on the Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Organo-montmorillonite Nanocomposite

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/organo-montmorillonite (PET/OMMT) nanocomposites were melt-compounded using twin screw extruder followed by injection molding. N,N′-ethylenebis(stearamide) (EBS) was selected as a dispersing agent to improve the dispersibility and exfoliation of OMMT clay in PET matrix. Morphological properties of the PET/OMMT nanocomposites were examined by using X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Thermal properties of the nanocomposites were characterized by using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. It was found that the OMMT are well dispersed and exfoliated in the presence of EBS. Remarkable enhancement in impact strength and storage modulus of PET/OMMT was achieved by the addition of EBS.     

Partikelcharakterisierung in hochkonzentrierten Dispersionen – Grundlegende Untersuchungen zu einer neuen Ultraschallmethode

A new method for inline characterization of particles in high concentrated dispersions by ultrasonic backscattering is described, that is sensitive against particle size and concentration. Analyzing the backscattering signal yields the sound attenuation as well as a scattering intensity equivalent. The measurement can be performed without sampling and minimally invasive directly in the process.     

THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSION ON CRYSTAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN A CONTINUOUS CRYSTALLIZER

A general steady-state model for the ideal, continuous, mixed suspension, mixed product removal crystallizer is developed in the tradition of Randolph and Larson. Relations derived from the mass balances lead to imposition of constraints on the functional form of the crystal growth rate expression. Application to power law and linear growth rate equations indicates that their parameters must satisfy specific inequalities. Crystal growth rate relations are developed which incorporate both surface reaction kinetics and diffusive mass transfer. Calculated crystal size distributions demonstrate a maximum in the curve which becomes more pronounced as diffusion resistance increases. Limited experimental data support the analysis.     

Effect of Multifunctional Additive on Filler Dispersion in Carbon-Black- and Silica-Filled Natural Rubber Compounds

The effect of multifunctional additive (MFA) on filler dispersion in carbon-black- (CB) and silica-filled natural rubber (NR) compounds has been studied. Silica dispersion, measured by computer-aided image analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showed a substantial improvement when MFA concentration is increased from 1 to 3 phr. After this level, there is a further but small improvement. However, for CB-filled NR compounds, CB dispersion showed a substantial improvement when the MFA used between 0 and 1 phr. As in silica-Filled NR compounds, there is only a small improvement in dispersion after 1 phr.     

Dispersion polymerization of styrene in CO2-expanded ethanol

Dispersion polymerization of styrene has been performed in CO₂-expanded ethanol at ≤9 MPa and 70 °C using PVP as stabilizer. The polymerizations proceeded with good colloidal stability, resulting in spherical particles of diameters of ∼2 μm. Pressurization with CO₂ leads to an increase in particle size (∼1 μm in the corresponding CO₂-free system), and a decrease in both polymerization rate and molecular weight. The main effect of CO₂ is proposed to be its influence on the partitioning of monomer between the continuous and the particle phase–the results indicate that CO₂-pressurization causes a reduction in monomer concentration in the particles. Overall, the results are consistent with literature data on the effects of the polarity of the continuous phase in dispersion polymerization of styrene in alcohols and alcohol/water mixtures.     

新型热塑性淀粉制备与性能研究

以甘油为增塑剂,制备了玉米和小麦两种热塑性淀粉。通过扫描电镜、拉伸强度以及含水率的表征等方法研究了分散时间、糊化温度及糊化时间对淀粉性能的影响。结果表明:在最佳制备条件下,玉米和小麦两种热塑性淀粉形态为均一的连续相,并且拉伸强度均可达到15MPa。