ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECT OF PRODUCT SHRINKAGE ON THE DRYING TIMES,HEAT INPUT AND CONDENSER LOAD OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DRYING STAGES OF THE LYOPHILIZATION PROCESS IN VIALS

ABSTRACT

The effects of cake shrinkage on the drying times and energy requirements of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze drying process involving the drying of a material in a vial, are estimated through the construction and solution of an extended unsteady state and spatially multidimensional model that accounts for the changes introduced by cake shrinkage on the internal and external mass and heat transfer mechanisms of the freeze drying     

Comparison of the UV-Induced Photolysis,Ozonation, and Their Combination at the Same Energy Input Using a Self-Devised Experimental Apparatus

The efficiency of the UV photolysis, ozonation and their combination were compared in the decomposition of phenol using a self-devised experimental apparatus running under identical power conditions. The light source was a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp emitting at 185 nm (responsible for the formation of ozone) and 254 nm (responsible for the direct photolysis of ozone and phenol). The effect of flowrate of oxygen or air on the concentration of formed ozone in the gas phase, the effect of dissolved oxygen and pH on the transformation of phenol and formation of intermediates in aqueous solution were also investigated.     

Significance of Acoustic and Hydrodynamic Cavitations in Enhancing Ozone Mass Transfer

Assessment of both acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitations for intensifying ozone mass transfer was conducted simultaneously. Four process schemes were arranged to evaluate the effect of application of each kind of cavitation as well as both of them, on the ozone mass transfer process. All processes were conducted at pH of 3 to avoid ozone natural self-decomposition initiated by hydroxide ions (OH^?). The chemical and mechanical effects of cavitation were distinguished by using radical scavengers to suppress radical formation. The result showed that hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitations enhanced ozone mass transfer synergistically. The enhancement obtained from the acoustic cavitation was higher than that obtained from the hydrodynamic cavitation, and the chemical effects of cavitation were much significant than that of mechanical effects. The enhancement obtained due to chemical effects of cavitation was about twice the enhancement obtained due to mechanical effects when only one type of cavitation was combined with ozonation. Combination of both type of cavitation and ozonation gave the enhancement obtained due to chemical effect of 3.68 times that obtained due to mechanical effects.     

微生物肥料工业的改革

介绍了我国微生物肥料的发展现状,并对其应用及发展提出几点建议。随着我国绿色农业的蓬勃发展,微生物肥料在农业生产中越来越受到人们的重视,应用前景十分广阔。微生物肥料是使用发酵技术生产的含有一种或几种活微生物的特定制品,是目前国内外绿色农业研究热点。依据不同的分类方法将微生物肥料分类。根据微生物在土壤-植物生态系统中的作用阐明了微生物肥料提高作物品质、增强土壤肥力的作用机理。     

成核剂在聚丙烯改性中的协同作用

介绍了聚丙烯成核剂的种类、特点和成核机理。着重论述了不同成核剂及成核剂与其它助剂之间在聚丙烯改性中的协同效应。研究表明,协同效应可以显著改善聚丙烯的热力学性能、物理机械性能和光学性能,显著提高成核剂的使用效果。并对其发展提出了建议。     

磷硅阻燃剂协同效应及其应用

介绍了磷系阻燃剂、硅系阻燃剂及其协同阻燃体系的阻燃机理,回顾了磷硅协同阻燃剂在环氧树脂中的应用情况,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

镁铝水滑石对PVC热稳定性能的影响

采用比色法、热失重法研究了镁铝水滑石、铅盐、有机锡、以及镁铝水滑石与铅盐、有机锡复配的复合稳定剂对PVC的稳定效果,考察了铅盐稳定体系和镁铝水滑石与有机锡复合稳定体系对PVC力学性能和流变性能的影响.结果表明镁铝水滑石分别与铅盐、有机锡进行复配均具有较好的协同效应且后者对PVC的稳定效果更好.其中,VC、镁铝水滑石和有机锡以100.5.5质量比复配的复合体系具有较好的力学与加工流变性能.     

BOPP珠光膜及其生产工艺

详细介绍了BOPP珠光膜的特性和生产工艺,特别指出了BOPP珠光膜生产中的难点和排除方法,对实际生产有相当的价值.     

Ozonation of C.I. Reactive Yellow 3 and Further Decrease in Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentration by Post-Biodegradation

Using C.I. Reactive Yellow 3 as the target compound, the effect of the combined use of ozonation and post-biodegradation on the decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was investigated, and the synergistic effect (the difference in the amounts of DOC removed by the biological process between solutions with and without ozonation) was estimated. A decrease in DOC concentration was observed during ozonation and ΔO₃/ΔDOC was decreased from 16.0 to 5.2 with increasing ozonation time. Moreover, an enhancement of biodegradability was shown. A further decrease in DOC concentration was observed during the biodegradation after ozonation. The total amount of DOC removed by the combined method was increased from 73.6 mg at 30 min to 159.9 mg at 4 h. The synergistic effect was in the range of 22.7 to 39.2 mg. BOD₅ was a better indicator of the synergistic effect than BOD₅/DOC.     

Optimization for allocating the explosive facilities in order to minimize the domino effect using nonlinear programming

Accidents caused by the domino effect in chemical plants or the petrochemical industry are generally more serious than any other accident. But it is difficult to examine the true factor because the domino effect is influenced by many nonlinear factors. The immediate causes of the domino effect are the peak overpressure, flying objects, and flame. Nonlinearity is inherent in all three causes. However, it is believed that a systematic and mathematical approach can minimize the incidence of the domino effect. We considered the case where there were n-explosive facilities in a given arbitrary rectangular facility site. This paper suggests the positions that can minimize the domino effect using a nonlinear approach. The method initiated an arbitrary number of facilities in addition to the original position, and can search for the position to minimize the domino effect. This paper presents a new computer-aided module, MiniFFECT (MINImization of domino eFFECT).