Stress-assisted crystallisation in anodic titania

The relationship between the microstructural and internal stress evolution during Ti anodising is discussed. Samples anodised galvanostatically to 12 V and 40 V, corresponding to different stages of the internal stress evolution, were examined by in-plane and cross-section transmission electron microscopy. Electron diffraction patterns have been complemented with stoichiometry data obtained from energy loss near edge structure spectra. The sample anodised to 40 V was observed to consist of two regions, with a crystallised inner region adjacent to the metal/oxide interface. Crystallisation of this region is associated with the presence of large compressive internal stresses which build up during anodising up to 12 V.     

Using Fuzzy Cost‐Based FMEA,GRA and Profitability Theory for Minimizing Failures at a Healthcare Diagnosis Service

This paper proposes an integrated approach to identify, evaluate and improve the potential failures in a service setting. This integrated approach combines Fuzzy cost‐based service‐specific FMEA (FCS‐FMEA), Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and profitability theory for better prioritization of the service failures by considering cost as an important issue and using the profitability theory in a way that the corrective actions costs are taken into account. Considering profitability with FCS‐FMEA and GRA reduces the losses caused by failure occurrence. Besides, a maximization linear mathematical problem is used to select the best mix of failures to be repaired. We apply our approach to an academic example concerning the potential failures diagnosis of the Internal Medicine service of a hospital located in Seoul, Korea. We applied our approach and solved the associated maximization problem by a commercial solver, producing an optimal solution which indicates the most convenient mix of failures to be repaired by considering available budget. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Beyond Cognitive Framing Processes: Anger Mediates the Effects of Responsibility Framing on the Preference for Punitive Measures

A new stream of research indicates that framing effects are based on emotional as well as cognitive processes. However, it is not entirely clear whether emotions mediate framing effects and what the moderators of emotional mediation processes are. To address these questions, we conducted an experiment in which the framing of responsibility for a social problem was manipulated (ambivalent vs. high‐responsibility frame). We find that the high‐responsibility frame increased the preference for punitive measures by increasing responsibility beliefs and eliciting anger. Furthermore, we find that trait anger moderates the framing effect on anger and that responsibility beliefs are positively associated with anger intensity. The significance of these findings for framing research and suggestions for future studies are discussed.     

Monitoring deforestation in Kenya

Multi‐temporal data is used to determine the rate of deforestation between the years 1976, 1987 and 2000. Three Landsat images, for each period, are pre‐processed, mosaicked and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values computed. Based on the values, totally non‐forested areas are masked out. The forested areas, both partially and wholly, show a very high degree of correlation between all the bands (reflective), thus necessitating an application of principal components transformation. The first two principal components and NDVI values are used in K‐means unsupervised classification to distinguish forest from non‐forest areas (that appeared as forest at first). Comparison of the resulting thematic maps gives an annual deforestation rate of roughly 15,000 ha. or 2% between any two epochs.     

Environmental Effects Of The Dead Sea-Red Sea Canal

A project to link the Dead Sea to the Red Sea via a canal is undergoing extensive study. This project will transform the physical and chemical characteristics of the Sea and therefore has significant environmental impacts. The predicted behaviour of the Dead Sea with a canal project was examined in this study, and the environmental impacts were then identified and classified into positive and negative. The main positive impact of the canal is the restoration of the Dead Sea into its 1930s level, and the improvement in life quality in the area. Negative impacts include the risk of groundwater contamination, the re-establishment of stratification condition, seasonal precipitation of chemicals, and the growth of micro-organisms in the Sea.     

功能安全硬件FMECA仿真分析技术研究及实践

在对功能安全和可靠性要求比较高的系统中,比如航天航空和轨道交通系统以及工业安全仪表等领域,需要保证系统在故障发生时能够导向安全侧以保证安全,这就需要在系统设计阶段对存在的故障进行详尽的分析或测试。在进行故障分析的时候一般用的方法有FMECA和FTA等。本文主要针对轨道交通信号系统硬件FMECA分析方法,研究其应用技术标准条件和存在的不足,提出使用硬件电路建模仿真分析的方法,增强FMECA分析结果的可靠性。同时,根据相关安全技术标准增加分析的全面性,在项目中进行实践,证明可以有效提高系统的安全可靠性。     

柿果实的脱涩机理

概述了近20年来柿果实脱涩机理的研究进展,评述了甜柿果实的自然脱涩过程,讨论了乙醇和乙醛处理对涩柿果实的脱涩作用,指出了乙醇是直接与可溶性柿单宁起缩合反应而使柿果实脱涩的化学物质。     

新型阳离子松香胶应用实践

新型阳离子松香胶具有良好的施胶效果,同时具有良好的增强和助留助滤效果。选择合适的添加地点,控制适当的添加条件对施胶效果影响较大。在满足施胶要求的前提下,施胶成本降低40元/吨纸,纸张的耐折度提高41.2%,纸张灰分含量提高1.3%～1.9%。     

机械控深盲孔技术开发与研究

文章对影响机械控深盲孔的因素（层压厚度公差、机械钻机的深度控制能力等）进行研究，同时对机械控深盲孔PCB的制作流程进行平行试验研究；得出机械控深盲孔的制作精度，机械控深盲孔PCB的制作工艺参数，机械控深盲孔应用的潜在失效模式，并提出一些改善建议。     

Effect of EHL Contact Conditions on the Behavior of Traction Fluids

New infinitely variable transmission (IVT) systems are under development for the automotive industry as a means to achieving significant fuel economy benefits. These systems rely on the lubricating fluid to transmit the drive train loads across the interface of the transmission components. This requires the development of new fluids that exhibit high traction properties under elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) conditions. However, it has been reported recently that the traction performance of some fluids can reduce dramatically as temperature is reduced. This may place severe operational limits on IVT systems and suggests that the low-temperature traction properties of fluids for these systems should be studied in order to understand the mechanism for the observed reduction in traction.

The work reported here is an experimental study aimed at identifying whether low temperature traction reduction is related to a fundamental change in rheological behavior specific to the fluids tested or to more generic changes in the EHL contact conditions. A series of model experiments were performed using a mini traction machine (MTM) on three high-viscosity polybutene samples. The results have been mapped against previously reported non-dimensional parameters used to identify different EHL regimes. The results show that dramatic reductions in traction occur when the contact transitions from the rigid piezo-viscous (RP) toward the rigid iso-viscous (RI) region. Similar results were also found for two other high-viscosity fluids of different molecular structure and lower traction properties. The results support the hypothesis that the reduction in traction observed at low temperature is due to a change in EHL contact conditions rather than being solely due to a change in the rheological performance of the test fluids.