固定化假丝酵母99-125脂肪酶催化酯化脂肪酸低碳醇酯反应条件的研究

以硅藻土和纺织品为载体 ,采用吸附法制备固定化脂肪酶 ,研究了固定化假丝酵母 99 1 2 5脂肪酶在有机溶剂中催化脂肪酸低碳醇酯酯化合成过程中 ,有机溶剂性质、脂肪酸与低碳醇的结构、pH值、反应温度和体系含水量、低碳醇的抑制作用等因素对酯化过程的影响。试验结果表明 :底物低碳醇需要采用流加方式加入体系 ,石油醚是最适宜的有机溶剂 ,脂肪酸与醇的碳链越长 ,越易于酯化 ;固定化脂肪酶对直链醇的选择性优于支链醇。以石油醚为有机溶剂 ,在反应温度为 40℃、pH值为 7时 ,硬脂酸与甲醇的酯化率达 95 % ;反应后期应除去体系中的水以避免酶失活。固定化酶间歇催化油酸与甲醇的酯化时 ,重复使用 1 5次 (每次 2 4h) ,其操作半衰期约为 360h。     

The structure of model coatings: latex-bound plastic pigment coatings

The immobilization and consolidation of model coatings based on monodisperse polystyrene (plastic pigment) and S/B latexes of known particle sizes were studied in terms of their packing volumes and the extent of latex shrinkage, which was found to increase with increasing pigment volume up to the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC). The maximum latex shrinkage was estimated from the CPVC. Then, the porosity of model coatings was calculated based on three proposed latex shrinkage models: maximum, minimum, and linearly decreasing latex shrinkage. The number of pores and the average equivalent spherical pore diameters were subsequently calculated. The opacity and gloss of model coatings on polyester films were measured and their porosity was also determined by a simple coat weight-thickness method. The CPVC values determined by the opacity, gloss, and porosity versus PVC relationships, respectively, agreed very well with each other. The CPVCs determined by the opacity and porosity versus PVC curves were identical. The comparison between the theoretically calculated and experimental porosity values showed that the linearly decreasing value between the maximum and minimum latex shrinkage would best fit the experimental porosity data. The effect of plastic pigment particle size on the optical properties and porosity of model coatings was also studied and it was observed that the coating opacity and porosity increased with increasing plastic pigment particle size, but the gloss decreased. Additionally, a minimum crack-free temperature (MCFT) of latex-bound coatings was proposed to better predict the behaviors of latexes as pigment binders. The wet state of model coating dispersions, the surfaces of consolidated model coatings, and their internal structure were examined by both electron and atomic force microscopy, and their micrographs were found to be consistent with our immobilization and consolidation models.     

Asymmetric Epoxidation of Styrene on the Heterogenized Chiral Salen Complexes Prepared from Organo-Functionalized Mesoporous Materials

Organosilane-modified mesoporous materials have been prepared under mild and acidic conditions by a solvent evaporation method using C₁₆TMABr surfactant as a template. The mesoporous samples synthesized in ethanol solvent by using this evaporation method showed a fully disordered pore system, but those obtained under hydrothermal conditions had highly ordered pores. The chiral salen Mn(III) complexes were immobilized on these organosilane-functionalized mesoporous silicas by a grafting method. The catalysts used in the asymmetric epoxidation of styrene and cis-stilbene and the effect of different mesoporous structures on the reactivity was investigated. Similar enantioselectivities were observed by using these heterogenized salen complexes as compared with reaction under homogeneous conditions.     

离子液体绿色脱硫机理及应用进展

从离子液体脱硫的影响因素、脱硫机理、脱硫方法及新型离子液体--负载化离子液体等几个方面综述了离子液体在油品脱硫中的应用。离子液体独特的化学结构和优良的物化性质,使其应用于油品脱硫时有其它有机溶剂无可比拟的优势,取得了很好的脱硫效果,尤其是与其它工艺（如氧化法）相结合时,脱硫效果更佳。但是离子液体存在价格昂贵、用于油品脱硫时分离不完全等缺点,工业应用有困难,负载化离子液体在一定程度上克服了这些问题,应用于油品脱硫发展前景广阔。     

Formulation and Evaluation of an Automatic Dishwashing Detergent Containing T1 Lipase

The use of enzymes in detergent formulations is becoming popular due to the concerns about the environment. T1 lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was evaluated for its stability and performance in dishwashing along with other common components of an automatic dishwashing detergent. Therefore, the process of formulating the detergent would depend on the stability of T1 lipase, which may also reflect the performance during the washing. T1 lipase was mostly stable in nonionic surfactants, especially those that were made of polyhydric alcohols. T1 lipase was also stable in a mixture of sodium carbonate and glycine. However, sodium carbonate alone destabilized T1 lipase possibly due to the interaction between carbonates and Ca²⁺. These results indicated that polyhydric alcohols and glycine had stabilizing effects on T1 lipase. The dishwashing performance was evaluated in term of percent soil removed. The dishwashing performance of the formulated detergent was positively affected by the increase in temperature but negatively affected by the presence of hard water, specifically Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. However, T1 lipase was not negatively affected by the presence of hard water, and this enzyme was enhanced by the presence of polyacrylates. The presence of Ca²⁺ improved the structural integrity of T1 lipase. It is generally known that most enzymes that depend on Ca²⁺ for their structural integrity would be greatly destabilized in the presence of metal chelators; thus, stabilizing strategies such as adding glycine would be essential to maintain enzyme activity during the wash.     

Validation of a UV Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Proteolytic Activity of Enzymatic Detergents

Enzymatic detergents are widely used in health services. These products should be controlled to ensure their activity. In this paper, a UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of proteolytic activity in enzymatic detergents was validated. An artificial substrate (azocasein) was used to quantify the enzyme activity at 340 nm. The results showed that the method was satisfactory in respect to its specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. This method fulfills both ICH’s and Brazilian criteria, demonstrating its suitability for routine analysis as well as its potential application for regulatory purposes.     

磁性壳聚糖复合微粒固定化SOD的研究

制备了磁性壳聚糖复合微粒(Fe3O4/CS),并以Fe3O4/CS为载体固定了超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)。研究了温度、pH、储存时间、操作次数等对固定化SOD和游离SOD活性的影响。研究结果表明,固定化SOD的热稳定性、pH稳定性、储存稳定性等性能明显优于游离SOD,固定化SOD的操作稳定性良好。研究了固定化SOD和游离SOD的半衰期t1/2和动力学性质。固定化SOD的半衰期t1/2,1=35.7 d,游离SOD的半衰期t1/2,2=8.8 d;固定化SOD的米氏常数Km,1=0.04 mmol/L,最大反应速率Vm,1=40.19 mmol/min,游离SOD的米氏常数Km,2=0.19 mmol/L,最大反应速率Vm,2=85.76 mmol/min。     

PVA固定高效苯酚降解菌的性能

生物降解含酚废水是一种既经济又有效的方法,固定微生物可以快速降解除酚。通过对高效苯酚降解细菌（XA05）的几种不同固定方法进行比较,最后确定采用PVA冰冻解冻固定法。研究了聚乙烯醇（PVA）生物膜浓度、包埋细菌浓度对降解苯酚性能的影响,最终选取PVA浓度为10%g/g,包埋细菌浓度为4% g/g的生物膜。并将所制PVA生物膜活化后与游离细菌对苯酚的降解能力进行比较,结果表明,在不同pH值、温度下生物膜对苯酚的降解速率优于游离细菌,PVA冰冻解冻法包埋XA05对含酚废水的生物处理是一种有效的方法。     

DNA在GO-PANI复合材料表面上的固定/杂交

采用氧化还原法制备氧化石墨烯(GO),通过原位插层聚合法制备出GO与导电聚苯胺(PANI)复合层状纳米材料。采用旋涂法将GO–PANI复合材料旋涂在自组装有十八烷三甲氧基硅烷的硅片上,对核糖核酸(DNA)在复合材料表面上的固定进行电化学性能测试。结果表明,DNA能够很好地固定在GO–PANI复合材料表面上,对将来开发出易于制备的电化学性能优良的DNA芯片提供了实验基础。     

杂多化合物催化剂的固载方法及应用

杂多化合物作为一类环境友好催化剂,广泛应用于酸催化和氧化-还原催化反应,而杂多化合物的固载方法对催化剂稳定性及活性都有很大影响。本文对近年来国内外杂多化合物的固载方法及应用进行了系统综述,对瓶中造船法、接枝法、孔道包覆法和层间嵌入法等特殊固载方法进行了重点评述。这些用特殊固载方法制备的具有较强主客体相互作用或/和限域作用的负载杂多化合物催化剂各有其特点,适用于不同类型的催化反应。其中,瓶中造船法和孔道包覆法既可保持杂多化合物的酸性和氧化性,又能减少活性组分流失,是制备固载杂多化合物催化剂的理想方法,为研究高稳定性杂多化合物催化剂提供参考。