硅橡胶在聚合物基复合材料成型中的应用

硅橡胶材料是一种优良的模具材料,它不仅具有优异的仿真性、脱模性,而且收缩率低、加工成型方便、耐热老化性能较好,同时硅橡胶还具有在很宽的温度范围内长时间保持弹性的特点,这使得其作为热膨胀模在聚合物基复合材料成型中得到了广泛应用.综合介绍了硅橡胶在聚合物基复合材料成型中的应用,系统阐述其在成型工艺中的应用研究现状,并展望了其今后的发展方向.     

Effect of Heat Treatment Upon the Chemical Composition of Cottonseed Meal and Upon the Reactivity of Cottonseed Condensed Tannins

The effects of heat treatment on the chemical composition of cottonseed meal (CSM), with or without the addition of cottonseed hulls (containing condensed tannins; CT), and upon reactivity of the CT were studied. Heat was applied in a forced draught oven at 100°C for 2 h. Fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB)-available lysine, free gossypol, extractable- and bound-CT concentrations, in vitro total nitrogen (N) solubility and the in vitro rumen degradation of the two major seed proteins (52 and 48 kDa) present in cottonseed kernel (which does not contain CT) were determined. The reactivity of CT was assessed by determining N solubility and rumen degradation of cottonseed kernel proteins in the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG; molecular weight (MW) 3500), which binds and inactivates CT. Heat treatment reduced the concentrations of free gossypol and FDNB-available lysine by small amounts, reduced measurable total CT content by 13%, reduced the solubility of total N, and reduced potential degradability of the 52 and 48 kDa cottonseed storage proteins by mixed rumen microorganisms. Addition of hulls further depressed solubility of total N and ruminal degradation of the two major storage proteins in cottonseed kernel. The action of PEG in vitro indicated that only part of the depression caused by hull addition could be explained by the presence of CT in the hulls, and that the effects of CT upon N solubility and potential degradability in heated CSM were similar to that in unheated CSM. Addition of hulls also substantially reduced FDNB-available lysine. In commercially produced materials, CSM from the Brisbane mill had a lower total CT content, lower N solubility and lower ruminal protein degradation rate than CSM from the Narrabri mill, but a similar level of FDNB-available lysine. Although application of heat inactivated 13% of the total CT, such that it could no longer be extracted and detected with butanol/HCl, it did not seem to change the overall effects produced by CT in reducing N solubility and protein degradation. The effect of hull addition in reducing available lysine has considerable relevance for feeding CSM to monogastric livestock. Interactions involving heat, hulls and CT need to be further studied.     

Development and application of a thermal model for the relined ladle in China Steel Corporation

Refractory-lined ladles are utilized in transporting the molten steel from a converter to a continuous casting machine in the steelmaking process. A proper heating schedule for the ladle dryer will be in practice desirable for energy saving and the production of higher-quality steels. This work develops a thermal model to dynamically simulate the thermal response in the walls of relined ladles after bricking, and the temperature drop of molten steel. After being validated by the in situ measurement from the practical heating process, this model is illustratively applied to determine the proper heating schedule of the ladle dryer and the blown-end temperature for converter for various operation condition in the steelmaking plant of China Steel Corporation.     

An analysis of the heat transfer rate and efficiency of TE (thermoelectric) cooling systems

The heat transfer rate and efficiency of TE (thermoelectric) cooling systems were investigated. The emphasis of the present study is focused on the use of large-scale TE refrigerators for air conditioning applications. A one-dimensional heat transfer analysis was performed to determine the cooling power and electricity consumption of the TE elements. The constant-property results are in good agreement with the variable-property solutions for TE materials and temperatures typical for air conditioning applications. A heat transfer analysis was also carried out for TE refrigerators equipped with a heat exchanger. Both parallel- and counter-flow heat exchangers were considered. Fluid temperature variations of these two flow arrangements were found to be quite different, but the efficiencies and cold fluid exit temperatures differed only slightly when a uniform current was used for all TE elements. If the length of the heat exchanger exceeds an optimal value, the cold fluid temperature begins to rise and the efficiency drops for both parallel- and counter-flow arrangements. The second law of thermodynamics was applied to the optimization of TE refrigerators operating between two constant-temperature reservoirs and between two flowing fluids. It was found that if a TE cooling system incorporates a heat exchanger, a nonuniform current distribution should be used to achieve the maximum efficiency and the lowest cold fluid temperature. The optimization results for TE refrigerators operating between two constant-temperature reservoirs are not applicable to TE cooling systems between two flowing fluids. The most energy-efficient current distribution for the parallel-flow arrangement is the one which increase in the direction of the cold fluid.     

Condensation of organic binary mixtures flowing horizontally in a horizontal tube bundle

Both heat and mass transfer in the gas phase and heat transfer in the liquid phase are examined experimentally for film condensation of organic binary mixtures such as ethanol-water and methanol-water. Experimental results on the average heat flux, vapor-liquid interface temperature and liquid-phase Nusselt number are compared with analytical solutions based on stagnant film theory and heat-transfer relationships for film condensation from a pure vapor. Experimental heat transfer results agree well with the analytical solutions, except that the experimental liquid-phase Nusselt numbers under conditions of low mass fraction of water are considerably higher than predicted by the analytical solutions. This high value of the liquid-phase Nusselt number is considered to be caused by dropwise condensation in the liquid phase. However, its effect on the tube bundle is not so remarkable compared with that in gravity-controlled condensation on a vertical surface. This is considered to be caused by the condensate inundation effect. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(6): 342–361, 1996     

基于参数在线自调整的智能模糊控制系统研究

针对羰基合成反应中由相邻反应器单向热耦合引起温度误差大的问题,提出了一种将PID,Smith,PWM与模糊控制结合起来,构成参数在线自调整的智能模糊控制系统的方法。将该系统应用于羰基合成反应器的温度控制中,实践证明效果非常理想。     

750 kV输变电工程用扩径型耐热铝合金母线的制造

扩径型耐热铝合金母线是为西北电网750 kV输变电工程设计的,文中介绍了该产品在试制过程中的一些经验。     

红外辐射材料的研究及其在武钢工业炉上的应用

从高温工业炉强化炉内辐射传热过程的角度出发,分析了工业炉应用红外辐射材料的重要意义。在红外辐射材料的研究、涂料节能机理的研究和实际应用技术的研究等方面,系统地介绍了武钢的研究和实际应用情况。根据武钢20多年的实际应用经验,针对不同工业炉具体的工况条件,合理选择性能优良的红外辐射涂料,能够取得良好的节能、增产和延长炉子使用寿命的效果。     

大体积混凝土的温控施工技术措施

分析大体积混凝土结构产生裂缝的原因,提出防止大体积混凝土出现裂缝的措施.     

Heat Saturation Time of Solid Spherical Regenerator of HTAC

In order to control the heat saturation time, the temperature field of the regenerators of high temperature air combustion （HTAC） technology after reheating furnace was studied. A one-dimensional unsteady mathematical model was established and discretized through finite difference method. The relationship between the heat saturation time and some factors was determined through the calculation of a program developed by language C. The heat saturation time decreases with the increase of heat convection coefficient, however, the increase of heat capacity, density and radius of regenerator all increase the heat saturation time approximately linearly.