Boiling hysteresis at low temperature on enhanced tubes

The boiling hysteresis phenomenon is studied for a real scale enhanced evaporator tube (2 m long Turbo-B type) with R134a refrigerant used in the flooded evaporator of a centrifugal brine chiller for the ice-making facility. Unlike previous studies of the boiling heat transfer with uniform heat flux and uniform wall temperature, the wall temperature varies along the tube in the present experiment. To see if the similar hysteresis occurs as in the case of uniform wall temperature, a careful control of refrigerant temperature and heat flux is made. We have found hysteresis of the temperature overshoot (TOS) at the onset of nucleate boiling initially at the inlet section of the tube, before it gradually moved downstream section of the tube until the nucleate boiling occupied the whole section of the tube as the inlet temperature increased. The hysteresis became stronger at low refrigerant temperatures. The decreasing trend of heat flux after the contents of the whole tube boiled was different from the increasing trend. This paper provides a guideline how to design the evaporator in order to avoid the abnormal operation of the chillers.     

Reasons for drop in shell-and-tube condenser performance when replacing R22 with zeotropic mixtures. Part 1. Analysis of experimental findings

An experimental and theoretical investigation was made to find out the reasons for the drop in shell-and-tube condenser performance when replacing R22 with a zeotropic mixture R407C. Measurements show that at lower condenser loads the reduction in performance can be as large as 70% compared to the full condenser load. Calculation results are compared with experimental results for two different condensers, one with micro-finned tubes and one with 3-D finned tubes. Calculations show that the degree of mixing of the newly formed condensate on a tube and the drained condensate is a factor influential enough to explain the performance drop. 3-D finned tubes seem to have better mixing in the condensate than integral finned tubes.     

Flash gas bypass for improving the performance of transcritical R744 systems that use microchannel evaporators

The performance of transcritical R744 systems with direct expansion (DX) can be significantly improved by implementing a Flash Gas Bypass (FGB). The idea behind the concept is to bypass refrigerant vapor, created during the isenthalpic expansion process, around the evaporator. By feeding the evaporator with liquid refrigerant, pressure drop is reduced and refrigerant distribution is improved. With R744 as the working fluid, increased refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficients are expected as well. In addition, the FGB concept proves to be beneficial in terms of system design, in particular for combined air-conditioning and heat pumping applications. An experimental comparison to a conventional DX-system reveals that FGB increases the cooling capacity and COP at the same time by up to 9 and 7%, respectively. Even larger improvements are possible in case a variable speed compressor is utilized to match the performance of the conventional DX-system. A simulation model helps to separate the individual improvement mechanisms. It was found that the reduction of refrigerant-side pressure drop is the dominant improvement mechanism of FGB.     

带边框柱剪力墙模型抗震性能试验研究

对于1／15缩尺比例的两个配筋方式不同的带边框柱剪力墙模型在低周反复水平荷载作用下进行了试验研究，分析了墙体边框柱与墙体的共同工作性能．对比研究了带边框柱的中高剪力墙受力特点、破坏和耗能机理．并从承载力、刚度、延性、恢复力特性、耗能能力等方面综合评价了其抗震性能．研究结果表明，带边框柱剪力墙结构具有良好的抗震性能．     

2004 award winners: Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research.

Presents the citations, biographies, and selected papers of the 2004 recipients of the APA Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research (Robert J. Gatchel), the APA Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Independent or Institutional Practice in the Private Sector (Miki Paul), the APA Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Practice in the Public Sector (Rodney R. Baker), and the APA/APAGS Award for Distinguished Graduate Student in Professional Psychology (Tonia L. Nicholls). The Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research is given to a psychologist whose research has led to important discoveries or developments in the field of applied psychology. The Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Independent or Institutional Practice in the Private Sector recognizes outstanding service delivery by a licensed psychologist who is primarily engaged in the practice of psychology in a private sector setting. The Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Practice in the Public Sector recognizes outstanding service delivery by a psychologist who is primarily engaged in the practice of psychology in a public sector setting. The APA/APAGS Award for Distinguished Graduate Student in Professional Psychology is awarded on an annual basis by the Board of Professional Affairs (BPA) and the American Psychological Association of Graduate Students (APAGS) to a graduate student who has demonstrated outstanding practice and application of psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Electrochemical behaviors of uranium and plutonium at simultaneous recoveries into liquid cadmium cathodes

Experiments were conducted on simultaneous recovery of uranium and plutonium electrochemically into laboratory scale liquid cadmium cathodes (LCCs) at different U/Pu ratios in the salt phase, and the influence of the salt composition on the recovered amounts of uranium and plutonium, the morphologies of uranium and plutonium in the LCC, and the behavior of americium, which is present as a decay product of plutonium-241, were examined. As a result, it was shown that there is a threshold in the U/Pu ratio in the salt phase between 1/4.3 and 1/1.73 for the successful simultaneous recovery of uranium and plutonium up to 10 wt% in the LCC at high current efficiencies. In the LCC, uranium and plutonium existed in the forms of intermetallic compounds, (U, Pu)Cd₆ and (U, Pu)Cd₁₁, and also pure uranium metal. It was also revealed that americium associates with plutonium according to the separation factor during the LCC operation.     

Effect of burn-up on the thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide up to 100.000 MWd t

The thermal diffusivity and specific heat of reactor-irradiated UO₂ fuel have been measured. Starting from end-of-life conditions at various burn-ups, measurements under thermal annealing cycles were performed in order to investigate the recovery of the thermal conductivity as a function of temperature. The separate effects of soluble fission products, of fission gas frozen in dynamical solution and of radiation damage were determined. In this context, particular emphasis was given to the behaviour of samples displaying the high burn-up rim structure. Recovery stages could be thoroughly investigated in samples that were irradiated at low burn-ups and/or at high irradiation temperatures. Other samples, in particular those exhibiting the characteristic rim structure, disintegrated at temperatures slightly higher than the irradiation temperature. Finally, from a database of several thousand measurements, an accurate formula for the in-pile thermal conductivity of UO₂ up to 100 GWd t⁻¹ was developed, taking into account all the relevant effects and structural changes induced by reactor burn-up.     

Volume conservation during irradiation growth of Zr-2.5Nb

Dimensional changes are reported in three dimensions for cold-worked Zr-2.5 Nb pressure tube material irradiated to a fast fluence of 174 × 10²⁴ nm⁻², E > 1 MeV at a nominal temperature of 250 °C. The observed dimensional changes in the longitudinal and transverse directions (up to ∼1.2% and ∼−0.5%, respectively) are consistent with earlier data at 280 °C and 310 °C, and the previously reported negative temperature dependence. The observed growth in the radial direction is negative (up to ∼0.7%). Initially, there is a small volume increase (0.05-0.1%) but this gradually decays to < 0.05% and the long term rate of volume change is negligible, within the accuracy of the measurement, demonstrating that the phenomenon observed is, indeed, irradiation growth.     

番茄灰霉病拮抗细菌 R26抗菌物质产生条件的研究

拮抗细菌R26菌株的代谢产物对番茄灰霉病菌等多种植物病原真菌有较好的抑制作用。本试验研究结果表明，在含麦芽糖20g，牛肉浸膏8g，酵母浸膏5g的1000mL液体培养基中，最有利于其抗菌物质的产生；当温度为32℃，pH值为7，在250mL三角瓶中装20mL液体培养基，接种量为30％(v／v)时，R26菌株产生的抗菌物质抑菌活性最高。培养液中抗菌物质活性随着培养时间的延长而增加。培养36h达到最高。     

Kinetic and dynamic Delaunay tetrahedralizations in three dimensions

We describe algorithms to implement fully dynamic and kinetic three-dimensional unconstrained Delaunay triangulations, where the time evolution of the triangulation is not only governed by moving vertices but also by a changing number of vertices. We use three-dimensional simplex flip algorithms, a stochastic visibility walk algorithm for point location and in addition, we propose a new simple method of deleting vertices from an existing three-dimensional Delaunay triangulation while maintaining the Delaunay property. As an example, we analyse the performance in various cases of practical relevance. The dual Dirichlet tessellation can be used to solve differential equations on an irregular grid, to define partitions in cell tissue simulations, for collision detection etc.