基于数学形态学图像处理的TIG焊接过程正面熔宽控制

焊接过程熔池动态特征信息获取与智能控制一直是焊接界研究的前沿课题.针对TIG焊接过程没有飞溅,熔池形状稳定、清晰的特点,以TIG焊接过程为研究对象,采用机器视觉技术获取焊接动态过程正面熔池图像点,将数学形态学中的二值理论应用于熔池图像的处理,结合模糊逻辑和比例积分微分(PID)闭环控制理论,从弧焊过程熔透质量控制的角度出发,从软件开发到硬件组成,设计了一套焊接过程图像处理及正面熔宽控制系统.结果表明,该系统可以很好地克服焊接过程中的外界干扰,保证焊缝成形的稳定,从而实现了TIG焊质量控制的目标.     

无电压限幅环节的无传感器永磁同步电机矢量控制技术

在电机高速弱磁或过载要求高的情况下,需要通过脉冲宽度调制(PWM)的过调制运行提高直流母线电压利用率。基于磁链观测的无传感器永磁同步电机矢量控制(磁场导向控制,FOC)技术具有算法简单、易实现等优点,但在过调制的情况下电压限幅环节会引起磁链观测及转子位置角估算误差。为提高PWM过调制情况下系统的控制性能,对传统的FOC控制框图进行了改进,省去了电压限幅环节并利用由占空比计算的实际电压对定子磁链进行估算。MATLAB仿真验证了改进方法的有效性。研究结果表明:该方法充分利用PWM调制自有的限幅特性,既能简化控制算法又能提高磁链观测精度,具有较好的技术经济性能。     

回填钢管管周土压力分布特性研究

目前市政行业广泛采用Spangler理论进行回填钢管的设计,但水利水电行业中钢管规模和运行条件与市政行业存在较大差距,Spangler理论的适用性有待研究。基于有限单元法,考虑管土之间的接触作用,建立回填钢管三维有限元计算模型,计算不同埋设深度、开槽宽度、管道刚度下回填钢管的管周土压力,通过绘制管周土压力分布图研究管周土压力的分布特性及Spangler理论的适用性。结果表明,竖直土压力在回填钢管管顶和管底处有"波谷"产生,在高埋深、小槽宽时尤为明显;此外,回填钢管刚度越大,管顶土压力越接近抛物线分布,管腰处出现的"波谷"越明显。总体而言,Spangler理论一般更适用于埋深小于2m、管道刚度t/D值小于1/120的回填管道,在实际工程回填钢管的设计中要加以判断。     

浅析波浪能发电的现状与发展

就国内外近年来在波浪能发电方面的研究情况进行一个初步的分析,提出未来发展建议,为助推波浪能发电向商业化发展提供动力。虽然各国波浪能发电示范研究都有了一些进展,取得了具有较高科学价值的相关数据,但从目前技术发展来看,波浪能发电装置的研发仍处在技术攻关和产业化前夕阶段,还有诸多问题需要解决。如果能研发出一种高效可靠的波浪能发电装置,将是一种可持续提供清洁能源的途径,为海洋强国提供可靠的能源保障。     

低品位热能利用与减缓气候变暖

低品位热能利用受冷源的制约,其可利用能的温度范围较窄,大部分热能作为废热被排放。本文通过新的制冷循环的建立,探索提高低品位热能制冷效率的方法。新的制冷循环以空气或空气中的主要成分为循环工质,由相互连接、相互影响的气动压缩循环子系统、冷量增益循环子系统和低压补冷循环子系统三部分组成。新的制冷循环以低品位热能作为主要能源,电能作为辅助能源,以期达到更高的能效比,从而使制造冷源成为可能。提高低品位热能的利用率,对减缓气候变暖发挥重要作用。     

A review of the IEA/NEA Projected Costs of Electricity – 2015 edition

The IEA/NEA recently issued their eighth edition of the Study on the “Projected Costs of Generating Electricity” – 2015 edition. The Study is mainly concerned with calculating the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE). The LCOE calculations are based on a levelised average life time cost approach using the discounted cash flow (DCF) method. The analysis was this year, and for the first time, performed using three discount rates (3%, 7%, and 10%). The LCOE can serve as a tool for calculating the cost of different generation technologies. However the Study's usefulness is affected by its narrow base of a limited set of countries that are not necessarily representative. It ignored the negative role of subsidies and did not provide a methodology for selective application of the discount rates and costing of carbon. The global power generation scene is changing. Generation growth in OECD countries has become very limited; simultaneously there is rapid growth of varying renewables (VRE) generation which needs special criteria for assessing its system cost. All this demands a rethinking of the application and usefulness of the LCOE in future generation planning.     

A new methodology for urban wind resource assessment

In the latest years the wind energy sector experienced an exponential growth all over the world. What started as a deployment of onshore projects, soon moved to offshore and, more recently to the urban environment within the context of smart cities and renewable micro-generation. However, urban wind projects using micro turbines do not have enough profit margins to enable the setup of comprehensive and expensive measurement campaigns, a standard procedure for the deployment of large wind parks. To respond to the wind assessment needs of the future smart cities a new and simple methodology for urban wind resource assessment was developed. This methodology is based on the construction of a surface involving a built area in order to estimate the wind potential by treating it as very complex orography. This is a straightforward methodology that allows estimating the sustainable urban wind potential, being suitable to map the urban wind resource in large areas. The methodology was applied to a case study and the results enabled the wind potential assessment of a large urban area being consistent with experimental data obtained in the case study area, with maximum deviations of the order of 10% (mean wind speed) and 20% (power density).     

太阳能光热发电中导热油循环系统的设计开发

基于槽式光热、塔式光热和碟式光热发电站的常用类型,分析光热发电中使用的化学合成型导热油的种类、物理特性和技术参数,设计开发槽式太阳能光热发电站中导热油循环系统的工艺流程。为解决因季节、昼夜和云雾、雨雪等气象条件的影响而造成太阳能供应不足的情况,设计开发了白天以槽式太阳能光热发电为主、夜晚采用燃生物质燃料或燃天然气导热油炉供热发电为辅的联合运行发电站的混合发电模式。提出了导热油循环回路系统中注油和排油的方法,研究了槽式抛物面管状集热器内导热油的最高油膜温度计算方法。     

Generation-expansion planning with linearized primary frequency response constraints

As renewable energy resources increasingly penetrate the electric grid, the inertia capability of power systems has become a developmental bottleneck. Nevertheless, the importance of primary frequency response (PFR) when making generation-expansion plans has been largely ignored. In this paper, we propose an optimal generation-expansion planning framework for wind and thermal power plants that takes PFR into account. The model is based on the frequency equivalent model. It includes investment, startup/shutdown, and typical operating costs for both thermal and renewable generators. The linearization constraints of PFR are derived theoretically. Case studies based on the modified IEEE 39-bus system demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with methods that ignore PFR, the method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the cost of the entire planning and operation cycle, improving the accommodation rate of renewable energy.     

Do Intermittent Renewables Threaten the Electricity Supply Security?

Around the globe, intermittent renewable energies in the form of wind and solar power are on the rise. Their subsidization can be seen as a market intervention, which may deter optimal investment. Thus, this study tests the effect of renewable energies on investment in conventional electricity generation technologies. We estimate a dynamic investment model for 14 European economies for the period 2004–2016 and find a non-negligible negative impact of intermittent renewables on investment in peak-load capacity (mainly gas), while base-load (particularly coal) plants are unaffected. However, the production flexibility of gas-fired plants represents a particularly vital function to balance the supply intermittency of wind and solar. Thus, dispatchable conventional power plants are still necessary to back the system under scarcity events, such as unfavorable weather conditions during high electricity demand. Policymakers should be aware of the adverse effects of RES on investment in peak-load plants and may consider a redesign of the current system, for example by introducing capacity markets.