润滑油粘度指数改进剂的使用性能与发展

介绍了粘度指数改进剂（VII）的作用原理和使用性能要求，概述了国内外研究和生产的几种粘度指数改进剂，对聚甲基丙烯酸酯（PMA）、乙丙共聚物（OCP）、氢化苯乙烯双烯共聚物（HSD）等几种粘度指数改进剂在国内外的发展情况进行了综述。     

An architecture design approach for large satellite networks

Designing a world-wide satellite network that consists of hundreds of user sites and thousands of circuit connections is a complex problem, which involves selecting a set of candidate satellites and satellite beams/frequency bands from among numerous existing and planned satellites, evaluation of circuit connectivity, earth-station compatibility and sizing, and estimating transponder loading. The design process may also require assessment of the impact of a different set of satellites and modified user traffic requirements on the space segment, the earth-station types and quantity, and the total system cost. Although a conventional design approach based on link-by-link and site-by-site analysis provides accurate results, it is time-consuming and impractical for developing high-level network architectures in a time-constrained environment. A design technique is proposed which employs a set of rules for satellite network design, in combination with extensive databases of satellite parameters, earth-station parameters and user traffic requirements, to synthesize a network architecture. The technique is particularly useful for performing high-level trade-offs among alternative architectures in terms of space segment requirements, the number and type of earth-stations and overall system cost. Once the desired architecture has been selected, a detailed design may be developed using conventional methods.     

The kinetics and mechanism of the electroreduction of Bi(III) ions from chlorates (VII) with varied water activity

The influence of water activity on the mechanism and kinetics of Bi(III) ions electroreduction at dropping mercury electrode in chlorates (VII) using voltammetric and impedance methods was examined. The kinetic parameters determined in the examined solutions were correlated with water activity. The values of transfer coefficients, standard rate constants and activation energy point at the slight influence of supporting electrolyte concentration on the kinetics of Bi(III) electroreduction in 1-3 mol dm⁻³ chlorates (VII). In the concentration range of 4-8 mol dm⁻³ the values of transfer coefficients and standard rate constants increase considerably, whereas the values of activation energy decrease what testifies to the increase of reversibility of Bi(III) ions electroreduction. The character of the rate constants changes in the function of potential points at multi-stage process of Bi(III) ions electroreduction as well as a different mechanism of Bi(III) electroreduction in the solutions with low water activity in comparison with the solutions with high water activity.     

Characterization and Differentiation of the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) of Orthotopic and Subcutaneously Grown Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) in Immunocompetent Mice

For the development and evaluation of new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) therapeutics, suitable, well-characterized animal models are needed. Thus, by analyzing orthotopic versus subcutaneous models of HNSCC in immunocompetent mice, we evaluated the existence of adenosine-related immunosuppressive B- and T lymphocyte populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Applying the SCC VII model for the induction of HNSCC in immunocompetent C3H/HeN mice, the cellular TME was characterized after tumor initiation over time by flow cytometry. The TME in orthotopic grown tumors revealed a larger population of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) with more B cells and CD4⁺ T cells than the subcutaneously grown tumors. Immune cell populations in the blood and bone marrow showed a rather distinct reaction toward tumor induction and tumor location compared to the spleen, lymph nodes, or thymus. In addition, large numbers of immunosuppressive B- and T cells were identified within the TME but also in secondary lymphoid organs, independently of the tumor initiation site. The altered immunogenic TME may influence the response to any treatment attempt. Moreover, when analyzing the TME and other lymphoid organs of tumor-bearing mice, we observed conditions reflecting largely those of patients suffering from HNSCC suggesting the C3H/HeN mouse model as a suitable tool for studies aiming to target immunosuppression to improve anti-cancer therapies.     

An 18·3 kb DNA Fragment from Yeast Chromosome VII Carries Four Unknown Open Reading Frames,the Gene for an Asn Synthetase,Remnants of Ty and Three tRNA Genes

An 18·3 kb DNA segment from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII encompasses the previously characterized MEP1, NUP57 and PPT1 genes as well as seven new open reading frames (ORFs) of at least 100 residues. G6358 is an ubiquitous glutamine-dependant asparagine synthase. G6362 is a membrane protein highly homologous to a protein of unknown function in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Three ORFs (G6324, G6335 and G6365) have no significant homology with previously reported proteins or characteristic motifs. G6321 and G6359, enclosed in longer ORFs, are not likely to be coding. The segment also contains tRNA genes for Asn, Arg and Ile as well as a sigma element and two solo deltas. ORFs and genetic elements are named according to a preliminary working nomenclature. The sequence is recorded in GenBank^TM/EMBL under Accession Number X83099.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粘度指数改进剂的增稠能力与剪切稳定性

在中间基和石蜡基两种基础油中分别添加乙烯丙烯共聚物（ＯＣＰ）、聚甲基丙烯酸酯（ＰＭＡ）、聚异丁烯（ＰＩＢ）、氢化苯乙烯异戊二烯共聚物（ＨＳＤ）四大类１２种粘度指数改进剂（ＶＩ）,调配稠化油并测定、研究ＶＩ的稠化曲线、稠化能力（Ｄ）和稠化油的剪切稳定性（Ｓ）、低温流动性、热氧化安定性。综合Ｄ与Ｓ作为ＶＩ性能－价格评价标准,得出结论：降低聚合度虽然能够提高ＶＩ的剪切稳定性,但是分子量减小会引起稠化能力下降;具有合适聚合单体、合理结构的聚合物兼有优良的剪切稳定性和稠化能力,适合在有剪切稳定性要求的油品中使用     

VSAT networks in the intelsat system

This paper describes how VSAT networks currently operate in the INTELSAT system. Four classes of VSAT networks (data transaction; circuit-switched; data distribution; microterminals) are identified, and it is verified that all of them can operate with INTELSAT satellites. Most VSAT networks in operation on INTELSAT today operate in fractional transponder leases. Fractional transponder capacity estimates are presented for a wide range of scenarios and different INTELSAT satellite series. These estimates clearly show increasing bandwidth utilization efficiencies for newer generations of INTELSAT satellites. Provided that VSAT and hub sizes are appropriately selected, efficiencies are already significant with existing satellites. Two possible ways of increasing the utilization of satellite resources are examined in the paper: demand assignment multiple access (DAMA) and multiple channel-per-carrier (MCPC) techniques. The impact of using DAMA in circuit-switched VSAT networks is quantified.