A real-time vehicle detection and a novel vehicle tracking systems for estimating and monitoring traffic flow on highways

Real-time highway traffic monitoring systems play a vital role in road traffic management, planning, and preventing frequent traffic jams, traffic rule violations, and fatal road accidents. These systems rely entirely on online traffic flow info estimated from time-dependent vehicle trajectories. Vehicle trajectories are extracted from vehicle detection and tracking data obtained by processing road-side camera images. General-purpose object detectors including Yolo, SSD, EfficientNet have been utilized extensively for real-time object detection task, but, in principle, Yolo is preferred because it provides a high frame per second (FPS) performance and robust object localization functionality. However, this algorithm’s average vehicle classification accuracy is below 57%, which is insufficient for traffic flow monitoring. This study proposes improving the vehicle classification accuracy of Yolo, and developing a novel bounding box (Bbox)-based vehicle tracking algorithm. For this purpose, a new vehicle dataset is prepared by annotating 7216 images with 123831 object patterns collected from highway videos. Nine machine learning-based classifiers and a CNN-based classifier were selected. Next, the classifiers were trained via the dataset. One out of ten classifiers with the highest accuracy was selected to combine to Yolo. This way, the classification accuracy of the Yolo-based vehicle detector was increased from 57% to 95.45%. Vehicle detector 1 (Yolo) and vehicle detector 2 (Yolo + best classifier), and the Kalman filter-based tracking as vehicle tracker 1 and the Bbox-based tracking as vehicle tracker 2 were applied to the categorical/total vehicle counting tasks on 4 highway videos. The vehicle counting results show that the vehicle counting accuracy of the developed approach (vehicle detector 2 + vehicle tracker 2) was improved by 13.25% and this method performed better than the other 3 vehicle counting systems implemented in this study.     

Hierarchical inversion‐based output tracking control for uncertain autonomous underwater vehicles using extended Kalman filter

In this study, a hierarchical inversion‐based output tracking controller (HIOTC) is developed for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) subject to random uncertainties (e.g., current disturbances, unmodeled dynamics, and parameter variations) and noises (e.g., process and measurement noises). The proposed HIOTC respectively utilizes a combination of feedforward and feedback controls in a hierarchical structure based on the kinematic and dynamic models of the system. Moreover, to obtain uncontaminated or unavailable states for implementing the proposed control law, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is employed to estimate the system states. Then, the position outputs, orientation, and velocity of the AUV are reached with guaranteed asymptotic stability. The robustness of the proposed HIOTC is verified through injection of random uncertainties into the system model. The closed‐loop stability of the proposed individual subsystems is respectively guaranteed to have uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) performance based on the Lyapunov stability criteria. In addition, the asymptotic tracking of the overall system is demonstrated using Barbalat's lemma. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme are evaluated through computer simulations and it is shown that the overall system achieves good asymptotic tracking performance.     

基于检测与跟踪相互迭代的极暗弱目标搜索算法

针对极低信噪比（LSNR）情况下暗弱运动目标和背景噪声的强度难以区分的问题,提出了一种基于检测与跟踪相互迭代的极暗弱目标搜索算法,总体上采用将时域检测与空域跟踪的过程联合、迭代进行的新型策略。首先,在检测过程中计算检测窗口内信号片段与已经提取的背景估计特征的差别;然后,在跟踪过程中运用动态规划算法保留使得轨迹能量累积最大的轨迹;最后,自适应地调整下一检测过程中被保留轨迹的检测器阈值参数,使该轨迹内的像素能以更宽容的策略被保留到下一检测跟踪阶段。实验测试结果表明,所提算法可以在1%~2%的虚警率和约70%的检测率下探测到低至0 dB的暗弱运动目标。可见该算法可有效改善对LSNR暗弱目标的检测能力。     

基于场景元模型的软件产品线追踪方法

针对软件产品线需求追踪方法进行了研究,基于软件产品线领域需求分析、设计、实现三个阶段的信息传播,提出了一种基于场景元模型的多层次软件产品线追踪模型,完整描述了追踪信息变化的整体框架;建立了需求—用例追踪矩阵、用例—动作追踪矩阵、动作—构件追踪矩阵;根据矩阵运算,描述了具体追踪实现过程,通过一个ATM案例验证了该方法对于软件产品线领域需求获取以及需求变更等问题的解决有较好的效果。     

基于Kalman滤波器的运动目标跟踪算法

运动目标跟踪是计算机视觉中的一个典型问题,如何能准确快速的跟踪目标是研究的关键。提出了Kalman滤波器结合Camshift的改进算法。首先选取一段视频图像序列,通过背景差分法快速检测出运动目标,初始化搜索窗口,用Kalmam滤波器预测目标位置,再用Camshift迭代算法计算目标最优的位置,将结果作为Kalman滤波器进行下一次预测的估计值。实验表明,当目标被严重遮挡或受到同色背景干扰时,本算法仍能快速准确的跟踪运动目标。     

直接驱动XY平台位置域轮廓跟踪控制

针对直接驱动XY平台轮廓误差近似模型建立困难的问题,提出一种提高轮廓跟踪性能的位置域轮廓跟踪控制方法.通过将双轴运动系统等效为主-从运动方式,主动轴(X轴)以位置量作为自变量,将从动轴(Y轴)的运动描述为不同轮廓跟踪要求的X的函数.通过从时域到位置域的一一映射,得到双轴运动系统的位置域动态模型.提出了位置域PD控制策略,主动轴运动以自身为参考产生的位置跟踪误差为零,仅有从动轴的运动跟踪误差影响到了最后的轮廓误差.仿真结果表明,位置域轮廓控制相比时域轮廓控制能够获得更好的跟踪精度.     

移动服务机器人共享控制研究

移动服务机器人在提高老人/残疾人活动空间方面具有重要作用.针对机器人自主避障失败时存在安全问题,提出了基于共享控制的服务机器人系统.构建基于机器视觉与人眼视觉共享控制的机器人系统.研究服务机器人的共享策略问题和眼电信号角度与参考轨迹关系.引入人工场解决自适应轨迹跟踪算法的平滑性.仿真结果说明基于人工场导向方法能平滑逼近期望轨迹.实验结果表明本系统能够满足使用者的安全需求.     

一种改进的群目标自适应跟踪算法

为提高对群目标在机动情况下的跟踪性能,提出一种改进的群目标自适应跟踪算法．在群质心状态估计中,在修正“当前”统计模型的基础上,利用群质心的速度预测和速度估计的偏差进行过程噪声方差自适应调整,并引入强跟踪滤波中的渐消因子,实时调节群质心的状态预测协方差．在扩展状态估计中,将其对应的椭圆面积预测值和估计值的偏差以及偏差变化率作为模糊输入量,采用模糊推理法自适应输出扩展状态的预测参数．此外,提供了群目标分裂机动的判决方法．仿真结果表明,与现有方法相比,本文算法增强了对群目标在突发机动时的自适应跟踪能力,并能有效检测出群的分裂机动．     

温室大棚温湿度跟踪切换最优控制器

温室大棚中的温湿度系统具有非线性、耦合关系强和滞后等特性,为了实现对温室的温湿度控制,建立了基于能量和质量平衡的温室大棚环境机理模型.针对温室大棚控制系统的非线性,对多个工作点系统进行线性化,得到了一组线性系统模型.基于切换思想,在不同工作点附近采用不同的系统模型参数;基于线性二次型性能指标,设计了温湿度跟踪切换最优控制器,并通过共同Lyapunov函数法验证了该切换系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明,设计的控制器可以很好地实现对温湿度目标值的跟踪控制.     

Robust lane recognition for structured road based on monocular vision

A robust lane detection and tracking system based on monocular vision is presented in this paper.First,the lane detection algorithm can transform raw images into top view images by inverse perspective mapping(IPM),and detect both inner sides of the lane accurately from the top view images.Then the system will turn to lane tracking procedures to extract the lane according to the information of last frame.If it fails to track the lane,lane detection will be triggered again until the true lane is found.In this system,θ-oriented Hough transform is applied to extract candidate lane markers,and a geometrical analysis of the lane candidates is proposed to remove the outliers.Additionally,vanishing point and region of interest(ROI)dynamically planning are used to enhance the accuracy and efficiency.The system was tested under various road conditions,and the result turned out to be robust and reliable.