测定硅各向异性腐蚀速率分布的新方法

介绍了一种测定硅各向异性腐蚀速率分布的新方法.硅各向异性腐蚀速率三维分布可由一系列晶面上的二维腐蚀速率分布表示.利用深反应离子刻蚀技术(DRIE)在{0mn}硅片上制作出侧壁垂直于硅片表面的矩形槽,测量槽宽度在腐蚀前后的变化,就可测定各{0mn}面上的二维腐蚀速率分布.将二维腐蚀速率分布组合在一起就得到了三维腐蚀速率分布.由于DRIE制作的垂直侧壁深度大,可耐受较长时间的各向异性腐蚀,所以只需使用一般的显微镜就能得到准确的结果.实验得到了40%KOH和25%TMAH中{n10}和{n11}晶面的腐蚀速率分布数据     

Cyclic voltammetric study of zinc and zinc oxide electrodes in 5.3 M KOH

The behaviour of zinc and zinc oxide in 5.3 M KOH in the presence of alkaline earth oxides, SnO, Ni(OH)₂ and Co(OH)₂ was examined by cyclic voltammetry. The influence of the alkaline earth oxides was compared with additives of established effects (Bi₂O₃, LiOH, Na₂CO₃ and CdO). The alkaline earth oxide each exhibits a distinct behaviour towards zincate. Whereas, a single process of interaction with zincate was shown by CaO; two modes of reaction were obtained with SrO and BaO. Solid solution formation was noticed with BeO and MgO. The other additives forming solid solution with ZnO were CdO, SnO. The ionic sizes of Ni(OH)₂ and Co(OH)₂ allow solid solution formation with Zn(OH)₂. Both Bi₂O₃ and Na₂CO₃ enter into complexation with zincate. LiOH forms two distinct zincates, of which one is an oxo zincate leaching the `hydroxyl' functionality. Cyclic voltammetry revealed the deposition of the oxide/hydroxide additives as metal prior to the onset of zinc deposition and the potential range for this additive metal deposition is almost the same for different additives (SnO, CdO, Ni(OH)₂). The beneficial action of these additives to zinc alkaline cells is associated with a substrate effect. The implication of this electrocatalytic deposition of metals on a zinc oxide electrode is also discussed.     

KOH活化法制备汉麻秆活性炭及其微孔结构的研究

采用生物质材料制备比表面积大、微孔结构发达的活性炭,对于缓解资源紧缺、拓展活性炭在气相吸附和双电层电容器等方面的应用具有重大意义。以汉麻秆为原料、KOH为活化剂制备活性炭,通过正交试验探讨碱炭比、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭得率和碘吸附值的影响;采用场电镜、孔径分析仪对样品的微孔结构进行分析。结果表明,影响活性炭得率和碘吸附值的最显著因素分别为碱炭比和活化温度,在碱炭比4∶1、活化温度900℃、活化时间为0.5h的条件下,活性炭得率为72%、碘吸附值为2 047mg/g,比表面积为1 924.08m2/g,总孔容为1.01cm3/g,平均孔径为2.1nm;该活性炭的微孔结构发达(微孔率为81.19%),孔径分布较窄,同时存在超微孔和极微孔,且极微孔含量很高。     

Activated carbon from Water Hyacinth as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in an alkaline fuel cell

Water Hyacinth is an invasive aquatic plant with an excellent carbon source with heteroatoms. Activated carbon is a viable choice as an electrocatalyst for fuel cell applications. Based on the plant's leaves, stem, and root, we got activated carbons using KOH at 730 °C with N₂. The samples, named WH_LA730, WH _SA730, and WH_RA730, were examined as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in 0.5 M KOH. The high surface area and nitrogen content in the activated carbon provided a good electrochemical activity. The potential reaction for WH_SA730 was at 0.9 V and 0.85 V for WH_RA730. Both samples showed a promising activated carbon for the alkaline fuel cell compared to WH_LA730.     

氢氧化钾改性碳材料及其在超级电容器中的应用

改性多孔碳材料具有高比表面积和孔体积、合理的孔径分布、优良的导电性,其作为电极材料在超级电容器中的应用一直受到科研工作者们的关注。综述了近年来KOH改性法改性煤炭基碳材料、生物碳材料、碳纳米管、碳微球、石墨烯等多孔碳材料及其在超级电容器中的应用进展。     

碳化硼研磨后蓝宝石晶体的亚表面损伤

介绍了蓝宝石材料的亚表面损伤形成机制。考虑碳化硼磨料可产生较小亚表面损伤的优点,本文基于游离磨料研磨方式,研究了不同粒度碳化硼磨料研磨后蓝宝石晶体的亚表面损伤。利用KOH化学腐蚀处理技术,对研磨后的样品进行了刻蚀;通过特定的腐蚀坑图像间接反映了蓝宝石晶体的亚表面损伤形貌特征,获得了W20、W10和W5碳化硼磨料产生的亚表面损伤深度,得到了在不同刻蚀时间下蓝宝石亚表面损伤形貌、表面粗糙度和刻蚀速率。研究结果显示:游离碳化硼磨料研磨造成的蓝宝石晶体的亚表面损伤密度相当显著,但损伤深度并不大,其随磨料粒度的增大而增大,W20、W10和W5粒度的磨料研磨后产生的亚表面损伤深度分别为7.4,4.1和2.9μm,约为磨料粒度的1/2。得到的结果表明采用碳化硼磨料研磨有利于获得低亚表面损伤的蓝宝石晶片,而采用由大到小的磨料逐次研磨可以快速获得低亚表面损伤的蓝宝石晶片。     

Cleaner Production of Wheat Straw Pulp

A pulping method using NH4OH with less amount of KOH as cooking liquor on wheat straw was developed. KOH could reduce consumption of NH3 and cooking time for its strong alkalinity. The effects of various pulping conditions such as composition of cooking liquor, liquid-to-solid ratio, maximum temperature, cooking time to the maximum temperature and cooking time at the maximum temperature were studied. Experimental results indicated that the rate of delignification was 85.12% and the pulp yield was 49.65% under suitable pulping conditions. It looks promising to use black liquor containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic substance as fertilizer resources for agricultural production. A new pattern of ecological cycling may be set up between paper industry and farming.     

KOH对低阶煤在超临界水中制取富氢气体的影响

以超临界水介质中低阶煤制取富氢气体为目的,利用120 ml小型间歇反应装置,在KOH/煤为0.7％～10％(质量)、温度400～650℃、压力12～30 MPa、停留时间0～30 min的范围内,考察了KOH催化下操作参数对小龙潭褐煤反应特性的影响。结果表明,随着KOH/煤质量比的增加,煤转化率和气体产率升高。KOH/煤质量比为10％时,气相产物中H_2百分含量增加一倍,H_2产率提高1.7倍。升高反应温度可以使KOH的催化作用更显著。对比氮气气氛和超临界水中煤催化热解反应发现,反应温度为600℃时,添加相同量的KOH催化剂,氮气气氛下煤转化率升高4.4％(质量),SCW条件下煤转化率升高7.8％(质量),说明超临界水反应环境下KOH的催化作用更加明显。提高反应压力可以促使煤转化率和气体产率升高。与KOH添加量和温度相比,停留时间对H_2产率的影响较小,随着停留时间的延长,CH_4产率略有增加。     

玉米秸秆木质素脱除动力学研究

采用KOH在不同温度下蒸煮稀酸预水解后的玉米秸秆。确定了不同蒸煮温度下木质素脱除速率常数,木质素脱除动力学方程表达为:WL=0.0137exp(-∞t)+0.8433exp(-k2t)+0.1430exp(-k3t)。利用Arrhenius方程确定木质素在大量脱除段以及残余脱除段的活化能分别达到54.46kJ/mol和27.62kJ/mol。确定在该体系中最佳蒸煮温度为100℃,蒸煮时间为100min,木质素脱除率可达到90%以上。     

Electrochemical capacitors based on highly porous carbons prepared by KOH activation

Various coal and pitch-derived carbonaceous materials were activated for 5 h at 800 °C using potassium hydroxide and 1:4 component ratio. Porosity development of the resultant activated carbons (ACs) was assessed by N₂ sorption at 77 K and their capability of the charge accumulation in electric double layer was determined using galvanostatic, voltammetric and impedance spectroscopy techniques. ACs produced from different precursors are all microporous in character but differ in terms of the total pore volume (from 1.05 to 1.61 cm³ g⁻¹), BET surface area (from 1900 to 3200 m² g⁻¹) and pore size distribution. Very promising capacitance values, ranging from 200 to 320 F g⁻¹, have been found for these materials operating in acidic 1 mol l⁻¹ H₂SO₄ electrolytic solution. The variations in the electrochemical behavior (charge propagation, self-discharge, frequency response) are considered in relation to the porous texture characteristics, elemental composition but also possible effect of structural ordering due to various precursor materials used. Cycling investigation of all the capacitors has been also performed to compare ability of the charge accumulation for different carbon materials during subsequent cycles.